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研钵与研杵、保龄球道养护剂、火化炉
研钵与研杵、保龄球道养护剂、火化炉
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TVTranscript
00:22today on how it's made wooden matches
00:32tillage machines telescopic gangways
00:43and made pearls
00:52controlled use of fire by humans dates back several hundred thousand years
00:56but the invention of matches is fairly recent
01:01the first known use of matches dates back to the fifth century in northern China
01:05and commercial safety matches were only invented in the early 19th century
01:12you just need to rub a match head against the striking strip on the matchbox to start a fire
01:19matches come in a variety of matchbox formats a liner board paper roll feeds into a machine
01:28passing under a hot iron to reduce the moisture level to five or six percent
01:34an automatic paper roll match inner box machine like this one can produce up to fifty five thousand
01:40liners per hour through high-speed die cutting folding gluing and forming the speed of the
01:47process depends on the inner boxes size and on the paper's density
01:57the machine shoots out formed inner boxes on a conveyor at a dazzling rate of nearly one thousand
02:02liners per minute
02:06the conveyor then drops the formed liners into storage bins
02:12an automatic sorting machine files the boxes in single rows and arranges them upright on the conveyors feeding the filling
02:20machine
02:24in the meantime a worker feeds pre-cut inserts to the outer box machine
02:30high-speed die creasing and cutting tools automatically fold the inserts
02:36as the folded liners run through the rollers the machine forms and glues the box skillets
02:45each insert has two striking strips
02:49in an industrial mixer a worker pours gelatin capsules over potassium chlorate
02:56gelatin serves as a binder for the match head compound
03:00the worker adds hot water before he starts the mixer to dissolve the gelatin
03:04which combines itself with the potassium powder
03:07the worker then adds silica granules which act as a combustion controlling agent
03:14he rinses the sides of the mixer with water as the compound mixture reduces
03:20after about 40 minutes when the mixture is liquid the worker adds red coloring
03:25as well as other compounds that make the match head burn more vigorously
03:30on the splint production line a worker inspects a batch of splintered aspen wood
03:36impregnated with ammonium phosphate to prevent afterglow
03:41the splints run over perforated plates to shake off any residue or waste
03:47then they go through a machine which automatically discards broken or undersized splints
03:53the splints now reach the match dipping line where the perforated steel match bar runs down an endless chain
04:01the automatic feeder inserts over two million splints per hour into the sockets of the match bar
04:08the splints first get a paraffin coating
04:13while a mixer keeps the match head compound liquid the loaded match bar lowers the splints to dip their heads
04:19in
04:20after five seconds the match bar moves back up and the head compound mixture flows down into
04:26the mixing pan to be renewed before another section of the match bar moves in
04:34after dipping the splints keep rolling down the match bar chain for drying
04:39the chain loops up and down for about one hour leaving the match head compound time to dry slowly and
04:45thoroughly
04:47once the heads are dry the finished matches are ready for packaging
04:56but first the filling machine routes the outer and inner match box liners onto parallel conveyors
05:02on a high speed line the machine can process at least 500 boxes per minute
05:09the finished matches finally come off the match bar and the filling machine places them into the inside liner
05:16at this point the machine processes about 200 matches per second
05:22the filling machine pushes the inner liner to the outer skillet
05:27the machine is calibrated to fill each box with a set amount of matches
05:31and reject the extra ones
05:35filled boxes come out on a packaging conveyor
05:40you can find them in small cartons medium-sized packages or heavy-duty crates
05:45but it takes just a single match to light your fire
06:02a tillage machine is a large tractor pulled implement which tills the soil
06:08tillage can refer to deeply plowing the soil after a harvest to break up clumps and remove plant remains
06:15or it can refer to a shallow turning of soil to prepare the field for planting
06:22this tillage machine is an agricultural multitasker its rotary disc blades churn the soil and chop up crop remnants
06:31the harrow behind the blades rakes the soil then the rolling baskets at the rear smooth and level it
06:38the machine can be fitted with various blades designed for different soil conditions and crops
06:45the first machine flattens the curve out of a just unwound sheet of steel
06:50then a press stamps the sheet with a die cutting out circular blades each four and a half feet in
06:56diameter
06:58the steel is a proprietary formula engineered to withstand high abrasion
07:03and to be flexible enough not to chip when the blades hit rocks in the soil
07:09after machining a sharp edge they heat the blades and form them in a dye simultaneously quenching with water
07:17this tempers the steel so that it holds the shape
07:22after cleaning the blades go through a vat of water-based paint then a furnace to cure the paint
07:28the paint coat is simply to make the blades look snazzy in the showroom once they actually hit the soil
07:34it wears off which is intended as bare steel moves through the ground more effectively
07:41agricultural equipment plants like this one purchase the blades to install in the tillage
07:46machines they manufacture this computer-guided plasma torch cuts the flat components of the machine's
07:53frame out of a thick steel sheet other parts are cut from steel tubes here workers use a brake press
08:00to
08:00punch holes for assembly bolts once all the frame parts are ready workers weld them together into frame
08:09sections this is the main section
08:16here they're welding a cut tube part to a pair of plasma cut parts
08:29and then they're welding it goes to the paint room where workers first sandblast the steel to clean off
08:35lubricating oil and other residues
08:40they spray on primer and paint and put the frame section in an oven to simultaneously bake on both coats
08:48given the tillage machines work outdoors
08:50the paint is designed to protect the steel from sunlight and corrosion
08:56next they install hydraulic cylinders on the mainframe attaching them with large bolts secured by washer
09:03and cotter pin locking mechanisms
09:07the cylinders made of a steel that has anti-corrosion chemicals baked into it
09:12lift and fold the tillage machine before and after use
09:18workers pump hydraulic fluid through the cylinders to test them
09:25they bolt the other frame section called the subframe to the front of the mainframe
09:33then to the front of the subframe they install a hitch
09:35hitch this is what connects the tillage machine to the tractor
09:40not only does the hitch have to be exceptionally strong to withstand the pull of the tractor
09:45it must also be flexible because the tillage machine runs over bumpy terrain
09:53for the same reason the mainframe has two pivoting axles workers install two wheels with tires on each one
10:01these tires are three feet in diameter
10:04tires can be larger or smaller depending on the overall size of the machine and where they're positioned on it
10:14workers now mount the bracket to which they'll attach the harrow
10:22then they install the harrow and the rolling baskets behind it
10:30these and many other components are mounted with sturdy steel u-bolts plated with zinc for corrosion resistance
10:40one last time workers hook up the tillage machine to a hydraulic fluid pump for testing
10:46there are two hydraulic circuits each activated by a lever
10:51one folds or unfolds the machine the other raises or lowers it
10:56this tillage machine is an agricultural triple threat
11:00blades to turn up the ground harrow tines to rake it
11:03and heavy steel rolling baskets to level the farming field
11:18gangways bridge the gap between ship and shore to allow passengers or cargo to be loaded or unloaded
11:24they're also known as gang planks hearkening back to the days when these bridges were simple wood planks
11:31today telescopic gangways extend and retract automatically
11:38telescopic gangways can extend their reach or shorten it and change the angle too
11:44they'll also fold up for compact storage on the ship
11:48these are gangways that can adjust to different circumstances
11:53each model starts with a computer design one that takes an engineer up to 800 hours to devise
12:02one of the details have been worked out production begins using a crane with air clamps they transfer an
12:10aluminum plate to a laser cutting station the gangway design has been loaded into a computer that guides
12:16the tooling to cut out parts according to the plan in this case it cuts out a panel that will
12:23be made into a
12:24framework for one of the gangway planks workers then serve up the panel to a computerized brake press
12:35the press bears down on the part to make 90 degree angle bends
12:39this transforms the flat panel into the plank framework
12:44next tools carve thicker aluminum into hinges for raising and lowering the gangway
12:51a drill bores a hole in each hinge for the pin
12:55with another bit the machine sculpts a countersink profile around the hole
13:01they're now ready to assemble the hinges and other components to the plank framework
13:07a worker positions a reinforcing bracket on the framework
13:11he clamps the bracket to a hollow metal cube to keep it correctly aligned to the framework
13:17he welds the bracket to the framework from the inside and then assembles another bracket to the other side
13:25he slides a metal subfloor into the top grooves of the gangway plank structure
13:30this subfloor will support teak wood decking
13:35he inserts flat bars between the framework and the subfloor to create a space for the installation of the teak
13:43he welds the rails to the plank structure and then add supports for wheels
13:50the thick welds look a bit unsightly so a worker grinds the seams smooth
13:58he also braids the entire metal structure to give it a brush texture that paint will adhere to
14:07painting is an intensive process
14:10they prime each gangway plank body three times with sandings in between
14:18they also give the planks three coats of paint
14:23this particular gangway is being custom made for a luxury yacht
14:31after assembling the teak decking to the planks a detail person sands the surface
14:37this ensures that the synthetic rubber caulking between the planks is flush to the wood
14:46he caulks the space between the decking and the metal plank structure using more synthetic rubber
14:55with a putty knife he scrapes off the excess and forms a neat concave profile
15:02after a 24-hour cure he removes the tape that's protected the metal frame and wood decking during
15:07the caulking process they're now ready to assemble the planks into a gangway they move the upside down
15:17planks into position and then drive thick pins into the hinges to attach one plank to the next
15:25he then installs the hydraulic cylinder that powers the folding mechanism
15:30he links it to the hinges with a long thick pin
15:36he equips one section of the gangway with telescoping hydraulics that allow the gangway to extend and retract
15:46he runs the hoses for the hydraulic fluids through the gangway into the cylinder
15:51and he installs locking valves to ensure the cylinder stays in position when a load is applied
15:57the gangway is now completely assembled they secure one end in a thick concrete fixture to simulate the
16:04weight of the yacht it's been made for this allows them to fully test the telescoping action and the
16:11load-bearing capacity seven months in the making this gangway is now ready to go to any length to link
16:18ship
16:24to shore
16:31a pearl forms when a foreign object enters the shell of a living mollusk
16:36to protect its soft body from irritation the animal coats the intruder with layers of iridescent nacre
16:43most pearls today are cultured pearls they can be round oval or like mabe pearls semi-spherical
16:53pearl cultivation started in 13th century china
16:57when people realized they could put foreign objects inside mollusks to encourage nacre growth
17:04it's the mollusk species and its home waters that determine the pearl shape and color
17:13fake pearls have an unnaturally smooth surface
17:17natural pearls are slightly gritty and very delicate
17:21even gentle rubbing can remove the precious nacre layer
17:25made pearls are flat-bottomed semi-spherical cultured pearls
17:29they grow attached to the inner shell of a pearl oyster when a foreign object is implanted in the shell
17:36in the nursery oysters start their lives as tiny larvae
17:42when the larvae are big enough they can be released outside in the pearl culturing farm
17:47the farm is actually a big raft structure that floats on the sea
17:53oyster larvae naturally attach themselves to natural or man-made structures
17:58at which point they start growing their shell
18:02this net acts as a trap for the developing oysters
18:07juveniles are moved to underwater cages where they will grow for several months
18:12the oyster on the right is about six months old
18:15in another six months it will be large enough to start growing a pearl suspended on ropes underwater
18:23to grow a pearl each oyster must first receive a plastic nucleus
18:29workers use wedges and speculums to keep the shells open as they work
18:34they gently move the animal to the side looking for a suitable position for the nucleus implantation
18:42the nucleus size depends on the size of the oyster
18:46following implantation the oyster will start secreting nacre over the surface of the nucleus
18:53workers drill a hole in the oyster's hinge this does not hurt the animal
18:58they fasten each shell to a rope using stainless steel wire
19:04each rope holds between three and five oysters
19:10they fasten those ropes to the raft structure
19:14oysters will spend at least another year underwater feeding on plankton and growing the pearl
19:21every two or three months they remove the oysters from the water to clean them
19:27tropical waters are rich in food and teeming with life
19:30so each oyster becomes a micro habitat for smaller plants and animals
19:36these organisms could prevent the oyster shell from opening and closing freely hampering its feeding
19:44using a cleaver knife they eliminate the thick crust of sea moss barnacles and other marine organisms
19:52once the oysters have grown to a suitable size it's time to harvest the pearls
19:59using a thin paring knife she opens the oysters and removes the animals from their shells
20:06mabe pearls are most often used in certain rings or earrings where their dome shape is desirable
20:14using a diamond saw they cut the shell around the pearl
20:18after cutting the nucleus will be removed and replaced with a mixture of resin to improve strength and luster
20:26they use a grinding machine to shape the pearl then they polish it to enhance its natural beauty
20:34jewelers working with pearls arrange them according to size and quality
20:40this artisan is creating a tiara for an international beauty pageant
20:45she uses a magnifying glass to control the quality of the various gemstones and pearls
20:52for other jewelry pieces they use spherical pearls such as this south sea pearl
20:59they insert a miniature screw in the hole that screw is endowed with a proprietary double lock system
21:06which secures the pearl in its setting
21:10the pearl farmers have been growing pearls for three generations
21:14today they farm three species of oysters and produce a total of about 25 000 pearls every year
21:24even though cultured pearls require human intervention they are all real pearls
21:29their color luster and shape may vary slightly but each pearl is unique and naturally beautiful
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