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🤢 Nausea represents a subjective sensation of discomfort in the upper abdomen or throat, frequently accompanied by an urgent desire to vomit. While not a standalone disease, nausea functions as a critical protective physiological mechanism designed to prevent toxin ingestion and facilitate clearance. Understanding neurological pathways involving the medulla oblongata, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), receptor pharmacology, clinical causes, diagnostics, and treatments is essential for patient safety.
In this comprehensive, evidence-based medical guide prepared by the editorial team at @allscientifical, we examine the complete science of nausea. We break down the physiological mechanisms of the vomiting center, major receptor mediators (serotonin 5-HT3, dopamine D2, histamine H1, muscarinic, and NK1 receptors), underlying etiologies ranging from gastroenteritis and pregnancy to myocardial infarction and meningitis, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and natural remedies.
In this comprehensive, evidence-based medical guide prepared by the editorial team at @allscientifical, we examine the complete science of nausea. We break down the physiological mechanisms of the vomiting center, major receptor mediators (serotonin 5-HT3, dopamine D2, histamine H1, muscarinic, and NK1 receptors), underlying etiologies ranging from gastroenteritis and pregnancy to myocardial infarction and meningitis, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and natural remedies.
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00:00Nosy Causes, Mechanism, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
00:05Interesting about science and medicine prepared by editorial team of the OCR.
00:11What is Nosy?
00:12Nosy is a subjective unpleasant sensation of discomfort in the upper abdomen, esophagus or throat,
00:18often accompanied by an urge to empty the stomach through vomiting.
00:23While not a disease in itself, nosy is a significant symptom that may indicate a nothing from minor functional disturbance
00:33to serious medical conditions affecting internal organs or central nervous system.
00:39From a physiological perspective, nosy serves as a complex protective mechanism for the body.
00:45Its proposal is to prevent the furture and take of a potentially harmful substance into the digestive tract and to
00:54facilitate the removal.
00:56The Physiology of Nosy
00:58The mechanism behind nosy is far more complex than it may appear at a fair glance.
01:05Located in the medulla or bongaeta of the brain is the so-called vomiting center, which receives signals from the
01:13various parts of the body.
01:15K pathway that activate the vomiting center include the stomach and intestines, the inner ear, the cerebral cortex, the blood
01:22stream, the liver and biliar tract, the pancreas, the heart, the kidneys.
01:27Of particular importance is the chemoreceptor triggers on CTZ, situated near the forward ventricle of the brain.
01:36It is capable of detecting toxic substance directly within the blood stream.
01:41Where a substance such as medication, alcohol, bacterial toxin or metabolic waste product enter the system, the receptors in the
01:50CTZ are activated, triggering a cascade of response.
01:53The sensation of nosy, increasing salivation, changing the breathing patterns, slowing of gastric motility, muscular contraction associated with vomiting.
02:04The Pharmacology of Nosy
02:06Several types of receptors are involved in the development of nosy.
02:10Chemie data are serotonin 5-HT3, released by intestinal cells in response to inflammation, infection or the effect of chemotherapy.
02:20This is why 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are considered the most effective anti-emetic agents.
02:27Dopamine receptor D2, located primarily in the trigger zone of the brain, where stimulation causes intense nausea.
02:36Hystamine receptor H1, particularly significant in case of motion sickness and inner ear disorders.
02:44Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M-colinoreceptors, also involving the mechanisms underlying motion sickness and vertigo.
02:53NK1 receptors activated by substance P, they play a particularly important role in severe nosy following chemotherapy.
03:04Pathogenesis of Nosy
03:06Regardless of underlying cause, the final mechanism is essentially the same.
03:12It involves stimulation of the reception, transmission of a signal via the vagus nerve, activation of the vomiting sentence, disruption
03:20of the gastric motility, relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, contraction of the abdominal muscle, the occurrence of vomiting.
03:28Sometimes the process stops at the stage of the nosy alone.
03:34CAUSES OF NOSY
03:35CAUSES OF NOSY
03:35NOSY CAN ARISE IN CONNECTIONS WITH CONDITIONS AFFECTING VIRTUAL AND ANY BODILY SYSTEM.
03:42Majority categories of causes include gastrointestinal tract disorders, infection, liver disease, gallbladder disorders, metabolic disturbance, kidney disease, heart condition, brain
03:53disorders, inner ear disorders, hormonal imbalance, pregnancy, medication use, physical and emotional disturbance, tumors.
04:03CAUSES OF NOSY
04:04Most common causes of nosy
04:06In clinical practice physicians most frequently encounter the following causes
04:11gastroenteritis
04:12The most common causes viruses, rotavirus, neurovirus, bacteria or foodborne toxins cause inflammation of the gastric and intestinal mucosa.
04:21In response a large amount of serotonin is released, which stimulates the nerve ending of the vagus nerve.
04:28Symptoms include nosy, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever.
04:33The most common cause of nosy
04:34Inflammation of the gastric mucosa leads to damage to the epithelium.
04:40Production of gastrohydrochloric acid increases.
04:43Nerve endings become irritated.
04:46The individual experience a feeling of heaviness, yearly setty, nosy after eating, heartburn, epigastric pain.
04:53Chronic gastritis develops particularly often in case of helicobacter pylori infection.
04:59Most common cause of nosy
05:01Reptic ulcer disease of a stomach
05:03An ulcer is a deep, defect in the mucosa membrane.
05:07When acid comes into contact with damaged surface, it causes intense pain and irritates nerve reception.
05:14Nosy frequently occur on an empty stomach after eating at night.
05:18Complications may include bleeding or perforation of ulcers.
05:22Most common cause of nosy
05:24Gallstone disease
05:26Cholithiasis
05:27Gallstone can periodically obstruct the bile ducts.
05:31After the consumption of fatty foods, the gallbladder begins to contract vigorously.
05:37If a stone blocks the flow of the bile, biliary colic develops.
05:41Symptoms include severe pain of the right side, nosy, repeating vomiting, bitter taste in the mouth.
05:47The most common cause of nosy
05:49Cholithiasis
05:51Inflammation of the gallbladder leads to significant intoxication, systemic toxicity.
05:56Inflammation mediates affect the central nervous system, intensifying nosy.
06:01Additional symptoms include feather, pain under the right rib cage, weakness of caisinal jaunties.
06:08The most common cause of nosy
06:11The most common cause of nosy
06:11Pregnancy
06:11Nosy during pregnancy occur in approximately the 78% of women.
06:17Cae factors include human chorionic gonadropin , estrogen, progesterone, change in the sensitivity of olfactory smell reception, progesterone, also slow
06:30down gastric motility.
06:31Symptoms are most pronounced during the first trimester.
06:35In several cases, hyperemesis gravidarum develops, accompanied by dehydration and weight loss.
06:43Most common cause of nosy
06:45Motion sickness
06:46C
06:47Sickness
06:48The vestibular system is located in the inner ear.
06:51When travelling in a car, airplane or ship, the eyes and the receptor in the inner ear begin to send
06:58conflicting information.
06:59The brain interprets this as a potential poisoning.
07:03In response, the vomiting center is activated.
07:06This results in cold sweats, dizziness, nosy weakness, sometimes vomiting.
07:12Most common cause of nosy
07:13Anxiety
07:14One's emotional state is closely linked to the functioning of the stomach.
07:19During stress, level of long increase, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol.
07:24These hormones alter the motility of the stomach and intestines.
07:28At the same time, the sensitivity of the vagus nerve increases.
07:32Consequently, intense agitation is also accompanied by a lump in the throat, stomach spasms, loss of appetite, pronounced nosy.
07:40The most serious cause of nosy
07:43Althuro, nosy is most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disorder or temporary functional disturbance.
07:50In some cases, it serves as a symptom of a life-threatening condition.
07:54Particular cause for concern include sudden, intense nosy, repeating vomiting, impaired consciousness, severe headache, chest pain, height, fever, profound weakness,
08:05or the presence of blood in the vomit.
08:08The most serious cause of nosy
08:10Myocardial infection
08:13Many people believe that a myocardial infection is also accompanied by severe pain behind the breast bone.
08:20However, this is not also the case.
08:23A heart attack can present atypically, especially in women, the elderly and patients with diabetes mellitus.
08:30Sometimes one of the first symptoms is intense nosy.
08:33Why does nosy occur?
08:34During a heart attack, blood supply of the heart muscle is impaired.
08:38The major cells release a large number of biological active substances that affect the autonomic nervous system.
08:45Nose is particularly common in cases of a fraction affecting the inferior lower wall of the heart, as this area
08:54is closely linked to the vagus nerves.
08:56Additional symptoms pain or a heavily sensation behind the breast bone, a feeling of shortness of breath, cold, clammy, sweet,
09:04weakness, dizziness, a drop in blood pressure, irregular heart rhythm, arrhythmia.
09:08If a heart attack is suspected, immediate medical attention is required.
09:12The most serious cause of the nose is meningitis.
09:15Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes, meninges surrounding the brain.
09:21It can be caused by bacteria, virus, fungi, certain parasites.
09:26Pathogenesis
09:27During inflammation, intracranial pressure increases.
09:30This irritates brain structure associated with the vomiting center.
09:34Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines act directly on the central nervous system.
09:40Symptoms
09:40Severohydic, high fever, hepatic, vomiting, intense nosy, sensitive to light, photophobia, neck stiffness, neutral, rigidity, drowsiness, confusion.
09:49Meningitis is a medical emergency.
09:52The most serious cause of the nose is Reyes syndrome.
09:56Reyes syndrome is a rare but extremely dangerous condition that develops primarily in children following a viral infection.
10:02The risk is particularly high when acetylsalichilic acid aspirin is used during an episode of influenza or chickenpox.
10:10What happens?
10:11Sever damage to the mitochondria occurs.
10:14Energy metabolism is disrupted.
10:16Peace leads to fatty degeneration of the liver.
10:18Rapidly progression of brain swelling, cerebral edema.
10:22Severo metabolic disturbances.
10:25In charge, things include persistent vomiting, pronounced nosy, drowsiness, irritability, behavioral change.
10:30Later the flow may occur.
10:32Seizures.
10:33Lost of a concessionist coma.
10:35Without timely treatment, the condition can be fatal.
10:40The most serious cause of the nosy, diabetes mellitus.
10:43Nosy in diabetes mellitus can develop through several mechanisms.
10:47Diabetic gastroparesis.
10:49Prolonged high blood glucose levels damage the autonomic nerves.
10:53The stomach begins to contract more slowly.
10:57Food remains in the stomach for several hours.
11:00This results in feeling of heaviness, yearly satis, feeling full quickly, nosy, blotting, vomiting of undigested food.
11:08The most serious cause of nosy, diabetes and ketoacidosis.
11:12One of the most dangerous complications of diabetes.
11:15When there is a lack of insulin, the body begins to break down fats at an accelerated rate.
11:21This produces ketone body, acetone, acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
11:27Metabolic acidosis develops.
11:29This irritates the vomiting center in the brain.
11:32Symptoms.
11:33Intense thirst.
11:33Dry skin.
11:34An odor of acetone.
11:36Deep, labored breathing.
11:38Cosmole breathing.
11:39Severed nosy.
11:40Repetited vomiting.
11:41Abdominal pain.
11:42Impaired.
11:43Consciousness.
11:44If left untreated, this can lead to a diabetic coma.
11:48The most serious causes of a nosy, man ear disease.
11:52This inner ear disorder is associated with an accumulation of endolymph.
11:58Pressure within the labyrinth increases.
12:00This attack occurs characterized by severe vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus, ringing in the
12:06ears, hearing loss, nausea, repeating vomiting.
12:10During an attack, the patient may find it difficult even to open their eyes.
12:16The most serious cause of a nosy, migraine.
12:19A migraine is more than just a headache.
12:22It is accompanied by a complex change in the brain activity.
12:25During an attack, three geminovascular mechanisms are activated.
12:30The following substances are released.
12:32CGRP.
12:33Serotonin.
12:34Neurokinin.
12:35Substance P.
12:36This substance can directly activate the vomiting center.
12:39Up to 80-90% of the patient experience significant nosy.
12:43Many also develop repetitive vomiting.
12:48The most serious cause of a nosy, Crohn disease.
12:51Crohn disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
12:53The immune system begins to attack the intestinal wall itself.
12:57Chronic inflammatory develops.
12:59Nosy occur due to inflammation, impaired intestinal motility, partial intestinal obstruction, intoxication.
13:06Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, blood in the stool weakness.
13:12The most serious cause of a nosy, colorectal cancer.
13:16In the early stages, nosy is rare.
13:19As the tumor grows, the following may occur.
13:21Impaired passage of food, chronical intoxication, inflammation, intestinal obstruction.
13:26Nosy becomes more pronounced in the advanced stage of a disease.
13:30Warning symptoms include blood in the stool, weight loss, anemia, changing the bowel habits, chronic abdominal pain.
13:38The most serious cause of a nosy, mononucleosis.
13:41Infection mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
13:46During the course of an illness, a pronounced immune response develops.
13:50A large number of cytokines enters the bloodstream.
13:53These are often responsible for loss of appetite, weakness, nosy fever.
13:57Additionally, the lymph nodes, liver and spleen may become enlarged.
14:04The most serious cause of a nosy, scarlet fever.
14:07The causative urgent is a group A beta-hemolytic setococcus.
14:12The bacteria releases an enterogenic toxin.
14:16The toxic effect accounts for the onset of high fever, weakness, nausea and sometimes vomiting.
14:23Such symptoms are particularly common in children.
14:27The most serious cause of a nosy, allergy.
14:30Allergic reaction triggers the release of histamine, leucotriens, prostaglandins, cytokines.
14:37If an allergeny is ingested, an inflammatory response develops directly within the gastrointestinal tract.
14:43This leads to nosy, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea.
14:47In case of anaphylaxis, these symptoms may be accompanied by a drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, laryngeal edema, spilling
14:55overthrow, loss of consciousness.
14:58These require emergency medical attention.
15:02The most serious cause of a nosy, alcohol withdrawal.
15:06A withdrawal syndrome occurs after cessation of prolonged alcohol consumption.
15:10The balance of neurotransmitters in the body is severely disrupted.
15:14The activity of a sympathetic nervous system increases.
15:18These result in tremors, sweating, rapid, hurt, breath, anxiety, insomnia and severe nosy, vomiting.
15:25In severe case, delirium, tremors, alcohol delirium may develop.
15:30The most serious cause of a nosy, chemotherapy.
15:33One of the most well-known cause of severe nosy is anti-cancer chemotherapy.
15:37Manage stotactic agents damage the cells of the intestinal lining.
15:42This triggers the release of a large amount of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells.
15:48Serotonin then activates 5-HT-free receptors on the vaginal nervous.
15:54At the same time, these drugs act directly on the brain chemoreceptor trigger zones.
16:00This is precisely why modern treatment protocols almost always include the prophylactic and
16:07administration of anti-emetic anti-nosy medication.
16:11Diagnosing nosy.
16:12Nosy is a symptom, not a disease in itself.
16:15Therefore, the physician's primary task is not only to provide relief to the patient,
16:20but also to identify the underlying cause.
16:23This involves gathering a medical history, performing a physical examination,
16:29and utilizing laboratory tests and imaging study.
16:33Take a medical history.
16:35The first step in diagnosis is a detailed conversation with the patient.
16:38The physician will ask when the nosy first begins.
16:421.
16:42Whether it occurs after eating or on empty stomach.
16:462.
16:46Whether it is accompanied by vomiting.
16:483.
16:48Whether vomiting providence provides any relief.
16:524.
16:52If there is any pain in the abdomen, chest or head.
16:565.
16:56Whether there is a fever.
16:585.
16:58If the patient is experiencing dizziness, loss of consciousness or weight loss.
17:036.
17:03What medication the patient is currently taking.
17:056.
17:06Whether the patient has consumed alcohol or any questionable food.
17:097.
17:10Whether the pregnancy is a possibility.
17:128.
17:12If there are any pre-existing chronic conditions.
17:159.
17:16Sometimes it is possible to arrive at a likely diagnosis as early as this stage.
17:2110.
17:22Physical examination.
17:22During the examination, physician assesses blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature,
17:28respiratory rate, degree of dehydration, condition of the skin and mucous membranes,
17:3310.
17:3410.
17:34Abdominal tenderness, enlargement of the liver or spleen, presence of neurologic symptoms,
17:41Special attention is paid to things requiring urgent intervention, severe abdominal tenderness,
17:4711.
17:4711.
17:4912.
17:4913.
17:5014.
17:5214.
17:5315.
17:5417.
17:5417.
17:5718.
17:5718.
18:0317.
18:0718.
18:1018.
18:1218.
18:1519.
18:1618.
18:1719.
18:3220.
18:33my retract infection, dehydration, impaired kidney function.
18:37Instrumental diagnostics.
18:39Depending on a clinic situation with follow-up may be used, abdominal ultrasound help diagnose
18:45gallstone disease, colicistitis, liver disease, pancreatic pathology, fibro-gastro-duodenoscopy
18:54allow for direct examination of a mucous membranes over esophagostomage and duodenum and can
19:02identify gastritis, ulcers, erosions, and tumors and enable biopsy to be performed if necessary.
19:10Colonoscopy.
19:11Used when inflammatory bowel disease, polyps, and colorectal cancer are suspected.
19:17Computer tomography.
19:18And magnetic resonance imaging.
19:21MRI.
19:22Prescribing when there is a suspicion of brain disorders, tumor, stroke, complication from
19:28injury or pathology of abdominal organs.
19:31Electrocardiography.
19:33Required in case of nausea accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, or heart
19:38rhythm disturbance in order to rule out a myocardial infection.
19:43Heart attack.
19:44Treatment for nausea.
19:46The primary principle of therapy is to address the underlying cause.
19:51Suppressing the symptoms alone without treating the underlying condition may only provide temporary
19:58relief.
20:00Treatment for nausea.
20:01Fluid replacement.
20:03Vomitting causes the body to lose water and electrolyte.
20:07This can lead to dehydration and drop in blood pressure and heart rate disturbance.
20:11Treatment for nausea.
20:12Fluid replacement.
20:14Recommendation.
20:14Drink small amount at the time.
20:16Use oral dehydration solution.
20:18Avoid beverage that are ate very hot or too cold.
20:21In case of severe dehydration administer intravenous fluid therapy.
20:26Medication for nausea.
20:285-HT3 receptor antagonist.
20:31Modern anti-emetic agents act on various receptors involving the development of nausea.
20:375-HT3 receptor antagonist.
20:43These drugs block serotonin reception in the intestine and central nervous system.
20:48They are particularly effective for nausea caused by chemo therapy, radiation therapy,
20:53or for post-operative period.
20:55Potential side effects.
20:56Hide constipation.
20:58Kitty interval.
20:58Prolongation.
20:59In some patients.
21:01Medication for nausea.
21:03Dopamine receptor blockers.
21:04These drugs include metoclopramid.
21:06Toperidone.
21:08Prochloroperazine.
21:09They reduce stimulation of a vomiting center while simultaneously improving gastric emptying,
21:16which is especially useful in case of gastroparesis.
21:20Potential side effects.
21:21Droughtness.
21:22Restness.
21:23Extrapyramidal disorders.
21:25More common with long-term use of metoclopramid.
21:29Medication for nausea.
21:31Antihistamines.
21:32Scopolamines.
21:33They are primarily used for motion sickness and inner ear disorders.
21:38E.g.
21:39Diminohydrinate.
21:40Meclizine.
21:41Promethazine.
21:42They reduce the activity of the vestibular system and block the transmission of the impulse
21:47to the vomiting center.
21:50Medication for nausea.
21:51M.
21:52Colinoblockers.
21:54Anticholinergics.
21:55The most well-known agent is scopolamines are often administered via transdermal patch.
22:02It is used for the prevention of sickness and motion sickness.
22:08Medication for nausea.
22:09NK1.
22:10Reception antagonist.
22:11This group includes Aprepitant.
22:14This drug blocks the action of a substance P and it is primarily used in combination with
22:20other anti-emetic agents during high hematogenic chemotherapy.
22:27Medication for nausea.
22:30Glucocorticosteroids.
22:30Dixomethazone is frequently included in regimen for the prevention of nausea during cancer
22:36treatment.
22:37While its precise anti-emetic mechanism is not fully understood, its efficacy has been
22:44confirmed by numerous studies.
22:46Natural remedy for nausea.
22:48Certain herbal and non-pharmacological approach may elevate mild nausea.
22:53However, there are not a substitute for a medical care in the context of serious illness.
22:59Ginger.
22:59Ginger is considered one of the most well-studied natural remedies.
23:03Its active component, gingerose and shao gos, can influence gastric motility and reduce
23:08the activity of serotonin reception.
23:10It may be useful for pregnancy, following consultation with a physician, motion sickness,
23:15functional dyspecia.
23:19Natural remedy for nausea.
23:21Peppermint.
23:22Menthol exerts a mild antispasmodic effect and helps some patients reduce the feeling of
23:27nausea.
23:28However, in case of significant gastroesophageal reflux disease, GRD, peppermint may exacerbate
23:35heartburn.
23:37Natural remedy for nausea.
23:39Chamomil.
23:40Possess moderate anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties.
23:44It is most commonly used in adjunct for mild gastrointestinal disturbance.
23:51Natural remedy for nausea.
23:53Acupressure.
23:54Stimuling the P6-NAG1 acupoint on the inner aspect of the forearm may reduce the severity
24:02of the nausea in some patients.
24:04This method is used as a complementary therapy during pregnancy, following surgery and for
24:11motion sickness.
24:14prevention of nausea.
24:15In many instances, the risk of developing nausea can be reduced.
24:19It is recommended to follow food safety guidelines, wash your hands regularly, avoid overheating,
24:26limit alcohol consumption, quit smoking, seek timely treatment for gastrointestinal disorder,
24:32manage glucose levels if you have diabetes, maintain a consistent sleep schedule, reduce chronic
24:39stress.
24:39Take medication strictly as prescribed by your doctor.
24:43If you are prone to motion sickness, it is recommended to choose a seat with minimal
24:48vibration.
24:49Keep your eyes on the horizon, avoid reading while traveling and, if necessary, take preventive
24:55medication beforehand.
24:58Possible complications associated with nausea.
25:01While nausea itself rarely lead to severe consequences, prolonged or repeated vomiting can cause serious
25:07complications, including dehydration, electrolytic imbalance, hip hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis,
25:15dropping blood pressure, impaired kidney function, weight loss, malnutrition, aspirational vomiting,
25:21potentially leading to aspirational pneumonia, a tear and esophageal leaning, Mallory-Weiss syndrome,
25:28and in extremely rare cases, a complete rupture of isophagus, Boyer-Heif syndrome.
25:33When to seek urgent medical attention.
25:36Immediate medical help is required hypnosis accompanied by severe chest pain, a sudden intense
25:42headache, impaired conciousness, a high fever and stiff neck, persistent uncontrollable vomiting,
25:49blood and vomit or stool, severe abdominal pain, seizures, sign of severe dehydration, intense fear,
25:57infrequent urination, dry mucous membranes, dizziness.
26:02Thank you for your attention.
26:03This material was prepared based on content from the AllScientifical channel.
26:07Attention is a recommend to consult with your doctor before using any treatment methods or remedy.
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