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00:28Satsang with Mooji
00:59Satsang with Mooji
01:13In 1936, a feature film, Things to Come, envisions what the next war would be like.
01:21It shows what millions fear, a war different from any before, with fleets of bombers attacking civilians from the air.
01:43Only one year later, the prediction is coming true.
01:46In the war in China, Japanese planes bombed Shanghai.
01:54And in that same year, thousands of civilians are bombed in the Spanish Civil War in towns like Guernica.
02:04Across the world, the nature of war has changed.
02:08From now on, wars will engulf whole societies.
02:12All people will be targets.
02:34In 1939, with war about to break out in Europe,
02:38civilians expected to be attacked in their homes or at work,
02:42and tried to prepare for the new kind of war.
02:50Earth is energetically shoveled into bags by willing hands and piled against key buildings.
02:57It wasn't just high explosives they feared, but gas attacks, too.
03:02Such scenes as these are familiar not only to us,
03:04but to the peace-loving citizens of every country in Europe.
03:07Now I'm getting very fond of my gas mask, I declare.
03:12It hardly ever leaves my sight.
03:15I sling it on my back and I take it everywhere.
03:20It even comes to bed at night.
03:23My sister had a lot of socks to mend,
03:27so she gave me a fat bouncing baby to tend.
03:31And when I felt it leaking at one end,
03:35well, I did what I could with my gas mask.
03:41With Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939,
03:46the war in Europe began.
03:52Young men across the continent said their farewells.
04:06But this time, children said goodbye to their families as well and left the cities.
04:15They had to be spared the obliteration expected from the skies.
04:23Mothers like Elizabeth Finn in London feared the worst.
04:27I thought we were all going to be dead.
04:30The horror was about being bombed, being separated.
04:36Supposing my husband and I are killed,
04:39who's going to look after my children?
04:43And when I saw all the young girls walking along arm in arm,
04:47laughing and talking, I envied them.
04:49I did. I thought, you lucky people,
04:51you haven't got any children to worry about.
04:55Many British children were sent to the United States.
04:59Their parents felt certain that the U.S.
05:02separated from Germany by the Atlantic
05:04and from Japan by the Pacific would be safe.
05:08Civilians in America would not be at risk.
05:20But in the rest of Europe, civilians were soon caught in the nightmare of fast-moving modern war,
05:26starting in the towns that stood in the way of the German army's blitzkrieg.
05:37In Poland, and then Holland, Belgium, and France,
05:41hundreds of thousands of refugees took to the roads.
06:00What the refugees came to fear most were attacks from the air, even as they fled.
06:07Stukas starten zum Feindflug.
06:09Wo sie zupacken, verbreiten sie angst und verderben.
06:17In the column trailing out of the Belgian town of Louvain
06:20was 20-year-old Pierre Rondas with his family.
06:31The Stukas had a special sound when they were diving.
06:34There was the noise of the planes and also the machine guns.
06:42Everyone rushed off the road to take cover in the ditches.
06:48We saw people standing there covered with blood,
06:50as well as people thrown down on the ground.
06:53Some of them may have been dead.
06:55I stood there, but I couldn't wait any longer.
07:01You have only one thing in your mind.
07:02You just have to keep going, keep going.
07:20In Germany, the experience of civilians was different.
07:24Germans on the home front believed they were safe
07:27and were confident of ultimate victory.
07:32Everyone was employed in the war effort.
07:37In Hamburg, children were sent to find scrap.
07:42Horst Vestfall collected old meat bones to help make explosives.
07:49We used to ring the bell and greet them smartly at the door.
07:53Heil Hitler, do you have any bones?
07:57And then the housewives would come out with a packet
08:01or whatever they'd collected them in.
08:04The next day, we took the bones to school and handed them in.
08:13Hamburg schoolgirls, like Margarethe Zettel,
08:15filled in for the men at the front by helping to run the streetcars.
08:21In the afternoons, as so-called bell fairies, we used to take the tram.
08:28We had to push the passengers into the tram.
08:34Then ring the bell.
08:36You had to ring the bell so the driver knew he could go.
08:45Hamburg was a center of war production.
08:48The Germans had been preparing for war for years.
08:53Calling all workers.
08:59British war production had to catch up fast.
09:05Factories were converted to turn out arms.
09:09And a whole new workforce was mobilized.
09:14Nearly 2,000 of us girls work in this factory.
09:17We work a 10-hour shift.
09:19Two weeks on nights.
09:21Two weeks on days.
09:22Soon, all unmarried women between 20 and 30 were drafted to work.
09:27Many of them to do technical jobs.
09:30I'm the girl that makes the thing,
09:32that drills the hole,
09:33that holds the string,
09:34that drives the rod,
09:35that turns the knot,
09:36that works the thing-a-me-bop.
09:38It's a tingly-sorted jam,
09:40making a thing for a thing-a-me-bop.
09:43Baby, when you don't know what it's for,
09:46but it's the girl that makes the thing...
09:48British women had never before been conscripted to work in war production.
09:52But now the government feared it had little choice.
09:55And it's the girl that makes the thing,
09:57that holds the oil,
09:58that oils the thing that works the thing-a-me-bop.
10:24BOMBEMBEM BOMBEM DINES
10:45Before the United States joined the war, President Roosevelt had taken the moral high ground
10:51and appealed to both sides not to bomb civilians.
10:55But a steady escalation began.
10:59When German planes attacked London in September 1940, they tried to hit the docks and stations.
11:06But mostly they hit the streets and homes surrounding them.
11:09In that winter, as Londoners sheltered from the Blitz wherever they could,
11:13Hitler hoped he could break their morale with the destruction that came each night.
11:19No other British city was bombed as intensively as Plymouth, with its naval shipyards.
11:25On the night of the worst raid in 1941, Betty Lawrence was training as a midwife at the General Hospital.
11:32It was so frightening.
11:33You could hear these planes and the noise of the sirens and everything going.
11:37And then they were overhead.
11:39And the next minute, whoosh, the bomb dropped on the children's ward.
11:44And this poor lady, we just sat and we hugged each other.
11:47And the lights went out and the debris was falling down.
11:49And this poor woman, she said, the baby's coming, the baby's coming.
11:52And there was this baby, and I had to deliver this baby with torchlight,
11:55with muck and dirt and dust.
11:57And this poor woman, we were covered with dust.
12:06More than a thousand people were killed and three thousand injured in the raids.
12:22That was terrible, walking through Plymouth.
12:25No buildings at all, absolutely nothing.
12:27You couldn't believe it.
12:28You just, where am I?
12:29Where is Plymouth?
12:30Where is it?
12:31Couldn't even, you couldn't find the road.
12:33You picked your way over rubble all the way out to this hospital.
12:36And then I felt sadness, despair.
12:38It's the only time during the war that I felt a sense of defeat that we'd refinished.
12:47As the bombers returned again and again,
12:51people trekked out of Plymouth before dark.
12:54Half the population slept in open country and bitter March weather.
12:59Sid Newham had lost three members of his family in the raids.
13:02We went up on the moors because we were really scared stiff.
13:07And we used to snuggle down amongst the edges.
13:10I used to get my little sister snuggled into me, one side, and made the blood on the other side.
13:16And the bombs would start dropping.
13:19Then you could see the sky starting to light up.
13:22You'd think, wonder what part of town it is this time.
13:25The government worried that morale in Plymouth was collapsing.
13:30And in the midst of it all, the cry goes up.
13:32Here comes Winston, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and his wife.
13:37Come to be with the indomitable people of Devon.
13:41We will mete out to the Germans the measure.
13:44And more than the measure, they have mete it out to us.
13:48Yes, I thought if they can do this to us, do it to children, we should do it to them.
13:52I know it wasn't a nurse's philosophy at all to feel like that,
13:55but that's the way I felt then.
13:56Do it to them, yes.
13:58It would be another year before retribution was reigned on Germany.
14:02But first, the war widened.
14:12Japanese air power brought the United States into the war in December 1941.
14:19President Roosevelt was quick to enlist the whole of American society in the war effort.
14:25The militarists of Berlin and Tokyo started this war,
14:31but the masked, angered forces of common humanity will finish it.
14:37Roosevelt threw the weight of American industry into war production.
14:41It's a big changeover.
14:42Where we used to make hubcaps, now we're making helmets.
14:47Machine guns now, where they used to make typewriters.
14:50They're making bomb noses now.
14:55Where they used to make lambs.
14:58America had seen itself as the arsenal of democracy,
15:02supplying Britain with arms.
15:04Now it had to supply itself as well.
15:08Americans travel thousands of miles to take new war jobs.
15:12When a big West Coast shipyard couldn't find enough workers,
15:16it recruited them from all over the country.
15:19People from myriad walks of life.
15:22The professor, housewife, bank clerk, school teacher.
15:26Less than 2% had seen a shipyard or even a ship.
15:33At one of the famous Henry Kaiser shipyards,
15:36the Brockmiller family have established an amazing record in the annals of shipbuilding.
15:40Headed by the father, every one of the family's 15 adults, including the girls,
15:46is helping build America's liberty ship.
15:48There we are.
15:50There, up there in the top corner.
15:51There, up there in the top.
15:52Up there in the top.
15:52All the Brockmillers are living in America in the Midwest.
15:56We all decided to come 1,700 miles to Portland to work in the shipyards.
16:01It took us four days to get here.
16:03On payday, each member of the family invested...
16:06Getting our paycheck, $70 a week.
16:09That's what we got.
16:10At that time, there was a lot of money.
16:12The Brockmillers, a family of patriots.
16:15Workers on the home front, all helping to win the war.
16:25The pressure of war demanded new and faster methods.
16:29Ships were built in record time.
16:32Pre-fabricated sections were welded together to make hundreds of Liberty cargo ships.
16:39The driving force was the industrialist Henry Kaiser.
16:44He was still learning the job, like most of his workforce.
16:50Yet one of his San Francisco yards broke all records,
16:54launching a ship only four and a half days after laying the keel.
17:00A tear went up that echoed round the world,
17:03a tribute to the determined men and women
17:05who had accomplished the amazing feat
17:07of launching a pleated ship in four days, 15 hours, and 27 minutes.
17:12I think working in the shipyards was quite an experience myself.
17:16There was lots of women there, probably more women than men.
17:20A lot of women didn't work before that.
17:22And that would give them all a job.
17:25It helped support the family.
17:26Today's beauty contests are in the shipyards, on the assembly lines.
17:31Here at Marinship California, women welders have a lunchtime contest.
17:35Men workers vote on each girl's appearance, job record, and attendance.
17:39For now, Miss America is at work.
17:43As the war expanded, more and more civilians, women and men, were needed.
17:51Washington launched a massive recruiting campaign.
17:55Too many of us still haven't buckled down to the job
17:58and raised the sweat that victory demands.
18:01We are sending out to fight for us
18:04the finest young men any nation ever called to its colors.
18:09They can never win if they have to fight this year's war
18:12with weapons we produce next year.
18:15What are we going to do about it?
18:18I'll tell you.
18:20If you and everyone with you
18:22starts tomorrow to put that extra drive and anger
18:25and determination into the job,
18:28we'll win this war in spite of all the odds.
18:31Keep punching the clock until you knock out the foe.
18:35Don't stay away or you'll be missing the show.
18:39If you want your country free,
18:43don't be an absentee.
18:45You and the citizens of the Soviet Union.
18:55Today, at 4 o'clock,
18:59without the warning of the war,
19:02German soldiers
19:03attacked our country
19:07and attacked our borders
19:10in many places.
19:14Total war was waged most brutally in the Soviet Union.
19:19In 1941, the Soviets were invaded by German forces with orders to kill or enslave the people and take over
19:27the land.
19:28Soviet prisoners were treated as subhumans.
19:47Everywhere the Germans advanced, they rounded up civilians and split up families.
19:55Women and children were sent away to fend for themselves.
20:05They picked out some to be sent back to Germany as slave laborers.
20:12Many would never return.
20:25Alexandra Sekarova was sent to work on a farm in Bavaria.
20:32My working day was 16 to 17 hours long.
20:35It was heavy work, with the sun and everything.
20:38I wasn't used to it, because I'd never worked in agriculture before.
20:43But what else could I do?
20:44I had to work.
20:47The people who were left behind were engulfed by a war that took more civilian lives in the Soviet Union
20:54than in any other country.
20:57They were often caught between the German occupation forces and the resistance, waged by Soviet partisans.
21:04In the village of Aleksandrovo near Minsk, Serafim Mishibko lived in fear of both sides.
21:13It was frightening to live with the expectation of death.
21:17When night fell, someone would tap on our windows.
21:22An armed man.
21:23But who was it?
21:27Which do you like, Germans or partisans?
21:30The one who comes with a gun you love.
21:34The Germans took ruthless reprisals after partisan activity.
21:38Soldiers were told the normal rules of war need not be followed.
21:45The big German commander came in and ordered that the men should be shot in the village burnt.
21:52They shot my brother and his two sons in one hut.
21:57They would take people to a shed and burn them there.
22:04In total war, nothing was spared.
22:07The Nazis were intent on destroying the society that supported the military, not just the military itself.
22:17Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels asked Germans to embrace the idea of total war.
22:24The Nazis were intent on destroying the society that supported the military, not just the military itself.
22:43What total war really meant then, Goebbels didn't tell us.
23:06In the summer of 1943, the Allies mounted their own campaign to cripple German industry by de-housing its workers.
23:15In the summer of 1943, the Allies mounted their own campaign to cripple German industry by de-housing its workers.
23:21The sky was filled with a drone we hadn't heard before.
23:24The noise of the engines was so loud and everything was vibrating.
23:29So we realized that we were in for it today.
23:32Hamburg, second largest city of the Reich, is being liquidated in a series of record attacks by the RAF.
23:38More bombs have fallen on Hamburg in the space of a few hours than on the whole of Greater London
23:44during the Blitz.
23:46The Allied bombing created a firestorm with winds of 120 miles an hour.
23:53A Hamburg fireman, Hans Brunswick, had a movie camera.
24:00That's a tobacconist right next door to the fire station.
24:03And you can see the unbelievable force behind the flames.
24:07The fire was unusual because it moved so fast.
24:13All our previous experiences were turned on their head.
24:16The way the fire joined up through all the streets, there had never been anything like this before.
24:25Temperatures reached 1,800 degrees.
24:29Eight square miles were ablaze.
24:35Margarete Zettel, the streetcar girl, was caught in the middle of it.
24:40It was an inferno, pure chaos. There was an unbelievable storm.
24:48The next thing we noticed was the disgusting smell.
24:56I still have it in my nostrils now.
25:01Blood, mortar, everything was burning. The mixture was absolutely gruesome.
25:12Margarete Zettel rescued six babies from the upper floors of a burning building.
25:20I brought the last child out, thank God, and immediately the burning stairs behind me collapsed.
25:29For her bravery she later received a medal in Berlin.
25:48My hair was burnt off, right up to the edge of the steel helmet I was wearing.
26:06The number of civilians killed in Hamburg that week was 42,000.
26:11More than all the British deaths in the whole of the Blitz.
26:28The homeless and dazed survivors gathered on any open ground.
26:38They were in despair. They were crying out for their families.
26:46It was a chaos of feelings and pain, spiritual and physical pain.
26:56Of course, we were broken.
27:05Two thirds of the residents left the city.
27:10Ost-Westfall's home had been destroyed.
27:17We walked for ten kilometres through rubble, debris and a sea of flames.
27:22There was a whole stream of refugees.
27:29We looked back at Hamburg and everything was black.
27:32The sky was totally black.
27:34The sun couldn't shine through.
27:36And even 25 kilometres away, soot was raining down.
27:40They had fallen down below in Berlin.
28:02Chinese civilians received much the same treatment from the Japanese...
28:07who had been at war in China since 1937.
28:12The Japanese, like the Germans, wanted to expand their territory
28:17and treated their enemies as inferiors whose lives were cheap.
28:23One of the Japanese who took part in atrocities against the Chinese
28:27was Hakudo Nagatomi.
28:32First we tried using karate on them,
28:34but it wasn't easy to kill them that way.
28:39Then a Japanese officer stepped forward and said,
28:42you lot from Tokyo, watch this, I'll show you how it's done.
28:50He got his sword, washed it with water,
28:52and then he grabbed the Chinese soldier nearest him.
28:55He pushed him and made him bend forward.
29:03He struck him with a single stroke from behind,
29:06so that his head just rolled off.
29:12Japanese troops were given orders to make the land uninhabitable.
29:22The Imperial Army's slogan was the three alls.
29:28Burn all, steal all, kill all.
29:33That means if there were people, kill them.
29:35If there was a house, burn it.
29:37If there were cows or sheep, slaughter them.
29:40Akudo Nagatomi believes he killed about a hundred Chinese himself.
29:45He's still haunted by the memory.
29:51I rounded up the women and children in the villages,
29:55shut them into buildings,
29:57piled up firewood and burned them.
30:01I did many terrible things like that.
30:11The Japanese also seized people to be forced laborers.
30:16Millions of civilians from China and Korea
30:19were used to build roads and railways and work in the mines.
30:24Yan Piantu was helping his neighbor plant rice in Korea
30:28when he was kidnapped by Japanese police.
30:31He was sent to Japan in a ship full of other Koreans.
30:36They were put to work on a hydroelectric project near Tokyo.
30:40Their families had no idea where they were.
30:45There would be a line of guards standing there
30:48and they beat and kicked us in turn.
30:51Our backs ached so much,
30:53but when we stood up like this to stretch,
30:55we would be beaten hard.
30:58That's the way they treated us.
31:04My arm was broken like this.
31:06Even so, I had to keep on working.
31:13But despite working on,
31:14they would still come and say,
31:15faster, faster, you scum.
31:17The barbarian ones,
31:18the barbarian ones,
31:19the barbarian ones,
31:20the barbarian ones,
31:23the barbarian ones.
31:29In the Soviet Union,
31:31the extraordinary privations of one city
31:33became a symbol for the suffering of all Russian civilians.
31:39Early in the war,
31:41Leningrad's three million citizens had all been mobilized to build defenses as
31:46the Germans reached the outskirts of the city. Elena Taranukina was a piano
31:53teacher, unused to heavy labor. My hands became like a man's hands, strong
32:01hands. Even now they're stronger than before. I tried to dig these trenches
32:14longer and deeper, in the hope that the part I dug would stop a tank.
32:27In September 1941, a siege had begun that would last two and a half years. As the
32:35first winter set in, the food warehouses emptied. The bread ration was cut to 125
32:42grams a day, a slice and a half. Even then it reeked of mold.
32:52It was gluey, like putty. It wasn't even brown, it was greenish-gray in color. It actually
33:00tasted terrible, but it seemed delicious to us. I wouldn't eat it now.
33:10It was a winter of record cold. Temperatures fell to 40 degrees below zero. But the cold
33:18brought one benefit. The huge lake east of Leningrad froze over, and it became possible for trucks
33:25to bring food and supplies 20 miles across the ice. The Germans failed to break the lifeline.
33:37They reduced the bread ration five times. But when the ice
33:44road started functioning, the ration was gradually increased. The old women would go to the bakers
33:52and cross themselves because bread had appeared. They'd been saved.
33:59But there still wasn't enough food to prevent widespread starvation.
34:05It was like a superstition. People could only survive if they stayed on their feet. There
34:11was something mystical about it. It was true. Those who lay down died.
34:16He died.
34:19On one day, Christmas Day 1941, 3700 died. Elena Taranukinu's mother went out of her mind.
34:33Mama tried to bite a bit of flesh from my little daughter, Leila. As she was quite a plump
34:41little child, she wanted to eat her. So I never left my daughter on her own at home. I took
34:50her with me every time I went to queue at the bakers. My mother died soon after.
34:54Mama, she died soon after.
35:20The city's radio orchestra struggled to keep playing. But it was a
35:24the city's radio orchestra. The city's radio orchestra had no longer had enough musicians.
35:26A Leningrad composer, who also worked as a fire warden, was writing a piece of music that
35:32would become symbolic of the city's resistance. He was Dmitri Shostakovich.
35:57The orchestra's conductor bicycled through the city to find musicians to play it. But many were too weak.
36:05Ksenyu Matus was the second oboe.
36:09When the rehearsals were in progress, people had no energy, especially the brass section.
36:18And the first trumpet, instead of playing, put his instrument like this and just sat there.
36:26The conductor, Karl Ilyich, stopped the orchestra.
36:29Why aren't you playing?
36:31Karl Ilyich, I have no more strength.
36:34You've got no more strength, do you think we have?
36:38But the concert must go ahead, and so you must play.
36:52One musician was late for rehearsal.
36:54Why are you late? asked the conductor.
36:57Karl Ilyich, my mother, died.
36:59Well, don't let it happen again.
37:00He meant not be late again, not that his mother shouldn't die again.
37:12They were reduced to making bread from wood cellulose and sawdust.
37:22Soup was made from glue.
37:28Arms workers tried to keep the factories going.
37:37Nearly a million people died of cold, hunger and disease.
37:56One Russian wrote in his diary, taking a body to the cemetery exhausts the last vestiges of strength in the
38:05survivors.
38:06And so the living, in fulfilling their duty to the dead, are brought to the brink of death themselves.
38:14On the day the symphony was performed, the Red Army created a diversion to draw German fire away from the
38:22hall.
38:25In the Soviet total war, the symphony was a grand gesture of defiance and was broadcast across the country.
38:34When we finished the symphony, the hall was dead silent.
38:41And then suddenly there was a storm of applause.
38:44A girl came up from the audience with a bunch of flowers.
38:49She gave them to the conductor.
38:56Can you imagine fresh garden flowers during the blockade?
39:00It was unbearably joyful.
39:03The girl who presented the flowers was Lubav Zhakova.
39:07They had been grown by her uncle who took her to the concert.
39:10I was pushed into the middle and there was nothing else for me to do but present the flowers.
39:18And there was a note inside them.
39:20I still remember it to the last word, with gratitude for preserving symphonic music.
39:32We were overcome most of all by a feeling of celebration and grandeur.
39:36Joy that we would be victorious.
39:46The siege was finally lifted in 1944 after 890 days.
39:53By then American supplies were reaching the Allies in ever-growing numbers.
39:58The outpouring of America, industrial giant found for-
40:02For the invasion of France, which would begin the final campaign in Europe,
40:06huge stockpiles were built up.
40:09The arsenal of determined armies and the wheels of victory.
40:12An avalanche of production by a free people rushing like a torrent to engulf a tyrant.
40:21War factory workers give General Montgomery a great reception when he comes to talk to them about their essential part
40:26in the waging of war.
40:28Why is it that today the tide has turned and we are beating the Germans and coming towards the final
40:38climax of the war?
40:40I'll tell you why, Tiz.
40:42It's because we've got far the best equipment and we've got far the best men.
40:48And women, too.
40:50Far the best.
40:52This is no time to say you've done enough.
40:56This is the time to really do your stuff.
41:00And even if you can't be a soldier in the ranks,
41:04You can be the guy to help supply the guns and planes and tanks.
41:08This is the time for you to do your best.
41:13This is no time for you to take a rest.
41:17The enemy is reeling and his morale is low.
41:21So now's the time to fall in line and deal the final blow.
41:25The end of the war was in sight in Europe.
41:27And soon the final blows would be dealt to Japan from a new long-range bomber, the B-29, being
41:34mass-produced by American workers.
41:36We, the people, built it.
41:38We conceived it, financed it, gave it wings.
41:42Here the bomb bays will hold the greatest weight of death ever lifted into the skies.
41:47The function of the people's superfortress is to break the race who turned their backs on reason.
41:54To spin them around to face the peaceful way of living.
41:59In Japan, workers were told to speed up the pace of war production.
42:08Children were taken out of school and sent to work full-time in the arms factories.
42:14Whole classes worked together.
42:17At the age of 12, Katsumoto Saotomi helped produce grenades.
42:27The school wanted us to look military and I've kept this over the years.
42:32It says kamikaze in Japanese.
42:34It's read from right to left.
42:39Our teachers told us that in Japan we have an emperor who is descended from the gods.
42:44So whatever happens, in the end a divine wind will blow and win the war for us.
42:51And we used to tie this round our heads before we went to the factory.
42:57Japan's child laborers began each day with an assembly at the factory.
43:06As the Japanese forces were pushed back, civilians braced themselves for the war now coming to the home islands.
43:37I've got a message that I want you to take over there for me and I want you to deliver
43:42it.
43:43when you make that first raid on Tokyo.
43:47How about it boys?
43:50To the warlords of Japan.
43:54We have not forgotten.
43:56And our B-29 will remind you again and again and again.
44:03Good luck. God bless you.
44:06Thanks very much.
44:17By 1945, the Americans had island bases close enough for the B-29s to take off for Japan.
44:25They attacked all major cities.
44:28But the raid on Tokyo March 10th was the most lethal.
44:34Katsumoto Satomi woke up as the planes rumbled overhead at midnight.
44:40It was a B-29 as close as the ceiling above me.
44:43Larger than anything I've ever seen.
44:48It didn't seem that it could be human.
44:51I felt it was something out of this world like a devil.
44:54Or that Satan himself had appeared.
44:59Earlier concerns in the West about the morality of bombing civilians were long forgotten.
45:06In one night, the Americans dropped half a million incendiary bombs setting Tokyo ablaze.
45:16When I opened the door, it was almost as if a red wind was blowing.
45:20There was so much smoke that you couldn't even see from here to the house just opposite.
45:31The roofs of the houses were popping up like this.
45:36And tiles were flying off into the air.
45:45Bedding, broken wood, bits of doors, things like that came flying at us.
45:56Then they fell on people running away and set them alight.
46:03Their hair caught fire.
46:08I saw a woman, a woman standing there burning.
46:15People writhing around in agony, in a ball of fire.
46:26There was no way of stopping the fires.
46:33Sumiko Morikawa had her twin babies strapped to her back and her four-year-old son, Kiichi, in her arms.
46:39She jumped into a half-full swimming pool.
46:45We were in the water right beneath a burning school.
46:48And for several hours until the school burnt down, we had to endure a shower of sparks and embers.
46:58I could feel the babies on my back getting heavier and heavier.
47:04They were kicking me on both sides.
47:10As the fire moved away, Mrs. Morikawa managed to clamber out of the pool.
47:19Around the pool were heaps of bodies.
47:25You couldn't even tell if they were men or women.
47:29And the children, they were lying just like dummies all over the place.
47:34You could almost say you had to kick them out of the way to get through.
47:40Once out of the water, she put Kiichi down and struggled to untie the babies from her back.
47:50The two of them were just like dolls.
47:53Their faces were white and they were dead.
48:04I put a little water in Kiichi's mouth and he was good enough to drink it for me.
48:11But that was really his last gasp.
48:17He said mummy to me in a very low voice.
48:23And then he just faded away.
48:29I thought I was doing all I could to protect them.
48:38But in the end, I wasn't able to save any of them.
48:42The B-29s, built to carry the greatest weight of death ever lifted into the skies, had accomplished their purpose.
48:53334 planes killed 120,000 people in a few hours.
48:58More than any other single action in the war.
49:02They knew they could never win, but the Japanese leaders told their people to fight on and spoke of ever
49:09greater sacrifices to come.
49:14Emperor Hirohito visited the smoldering remains of the capital and saw firsthand the effects of modern warfare.
49:21더 이�
49:35But the emperor could not imagine what lay ahead when the technology of total war reached again.
49:43In August 1945 it took only one plane and one bomb to devastate Hiroshima
49:50and later Nagasaki, in just a few seconds.
49:55Japan's leaders surrendered.
50:03I looked up at the sky and I thought,
50:06what's this war all been for?
50:09Have we really lost it?
50:11If so, what do my children die for?
50:19In Europe, the fighting was already over.
50:22Displaced people took to the roads once again.
50:27These are a few of the millions of people
50:30who were once labor slaves of the Nazis
50:32and who are now trying desperately to get home.
50:35Home to a little farm in Poland.
50:38Home to a tiny coastal village in Normandy.
50:40Home to Leningrad, 3,000 miles away.
50:46Like countless others,
50:48Alexandra Sakarova made her way home
50:50from Bavaria to Leningrad.
50:56Sometimes I had to travel on the roof
50:58or walk barefoot.
50:59This took a long time, about a month and a half.
51:04When I returned to Leningrad,
51:06it was bitter to see the city destroyed,
51:08but it was a joy to be home.
51:10That I returned home.
51:11Oh, boy.ь
51:51The war had cost 55 million lives,
51:55six times as many as in the First World War.
52:00What was new was not just the numbers, but who they were.
52:05Up to 13 million civilians in China,
52:08up to 14 million Soviet civilians.
52:12They were women and babies, old men and boys,
52:17victims of starvation, atrocities and bombing.
52:22Six million of them were Jews, victims of genocide.
52:28For the first time in modern history,
52:31far more civilians had lost their lives than soldiers in uniform.
52:45Visit the People's Century website at PBS online.
52:49Add your story to People's Century.
52:51Hear more from people featured in tonight's program.
52:55And access key events through an interactive timeline.
52:58All this and more at PBS.org.
53:05And now, a People's Century preview.
53:091945.
53:10The bloodiest war of the century draws to a close.
53:14But the Allies' celebrations mask deep divisions.
53:18An iron curtain descends on the world stage,
53:21igniting a cold war in The Brave New World.
53:25Just one in a series that explores our century,
53:28People's Century.
53:37To order the companion book or video cassettes of People's Century,
53:41call 1-800-255-9424.
53:59Coming up next, our war night continues as we travel to Vietnam
54:03with an episode of Vietnam Television History,
54:06Vietnamizing the War,
54:081969 through 1973.
54:10That's coming up next on WHYY2K Millennium Week.
54:17Themeלא, Managing the War,
54:18the 오래端 of Vietnamashi and assistir in Vietnam видно it too.
54:53A production of WGBH Boston.