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00:00of a man, of a bandit, so elusive and cunning that no one knew where to find him,
00:05so powerful, ferocious and bloodthirsty, that it was scary just to hear its name, but also
00:10so mysterious, complex and strange that it became a legend.
00:14This is the story of a bandit, but it is also the story of carabinieri and policemen,
00:19of other bandits, of confidants and spies, of journalists, of politicians, of trade unionists
00:24and of poor people, but above all this is a story of lies, mysteries and ghosts,
00:31one of those stories that happen in Sicily, where often when you talk about certain things,
00:36These things may not be what they seem.
00:40This is the story of the bandit Giuliano, for us now it starts from the end and begins with
00:46a photograph and a lie.
00:51The photograph is one of the most famous in Italian history.
00:55There's a man on the ground, in sandals and a vest, he's dead.
00:59The feet you see behind him are those of a policeman, while that thing
01:03what is on the ground, not far from his hand, as if it had fallen, is a machine gun.
01:08Because that dead man is the bandit Giuliano.
01:11What happened?
01:13We are in the courtyard of the house of the lawyer De Maria, in Castelvetrano, in the province of
01:18Trapani.
01:18It is July 5, 1950, a quarter past 3 in the morning.
01:28Three men have just gotten off the road and are unaware that the police are waiting for them.
01:32stationed in the surrounding area.
01:34One is in front, with shoes in hand, and the other two are behind.
01:41Then, a policeman moves, one of the men notices it, he is armed and shoots.
01:50The carabinieri react and shoot too.
01:54The one without shoes runs away.
01:56The other two shoot their way through.
01:59One manages to disappear into the alleys of Castelvetrano, but the other doesn't; he hesitates for a moment.
02:03And with his head uncovered, he passes under a street lamp and the police recognize him immediately.
02:09He is the man they are looking for, the elusive ghost, the one who for almost 5 years
02:14he is holding all the policemen and all the Carabinieri in Sicily at bay.
02:18It's the bandit Giuliano.
02:22Framed by the Carabinieri fire, Giuliano runs away towards the courtyard of the Lawyer's house
02:27De Maria, shooting.
02:28An intense shootout, 40 shots fired by the bandit and 191 by the Carabinieri.
02:36Hit in the side by a burst of gunfire from a Carabiniere and then in front, from less than two metres away, by that
02:41of an officer hidden behind a well, Giuliano collapses in the middle of the courtyard.
02:46As soon as it's time to let out a gasp, he dies.
02:53Report number 213 bar 24 of 9 July 1950, addressed to the Forces and Repression Command
03:01of Banditry in Sicily, central squad group, signed by Captain of the Carabinieri Antonio
03:07Perenze, the officer who was stationed behind the well, the one who shot Giuliano
03:12in front of.
03:13It is not true.
03:15There's something wrong with that photograph.
03:17Some of the journalists who arrive on the scene notice it immediately.
03:21Among these was Franco Grasso, who at the time directed the news section of the newspaper La Voce della
03:26Sicily.
03:26I arrived late, as my car had broken down, I watched for a moment
03:36to my colleagues' toasts, already having in mind that the version could be false.
03:48Perhaps a baker who worked there at night told me that he had first heard a single shot
03:59and after half an hour like that, instead a storm of shots.
04:07He's not coming back.
04:08Shortly before the action, the Carabinieri made two bakers who were waiting move away
04:13that the bread should rise and their version, we have heard, is different.
04:17But it would be enough to look at the photograph.
04:21Giuliano has one sandal untied and his belt has skipped two loops, as if it were
04:26been covered by someone.
04:28Of course, these are not such certain, certain details and they could mean anything.
04:32what, but there are those abrasions on Giuliano's arm, as if he had been
04:38dragged.
04:40This is also not a very certain detail and can mean many things, but the vest
04:44No.
04:46Giuliano was hit in the chest and fell forward, on his stomach, where he remained
04:51for a long time without anyone touching it.
04:54The blood, which came out from the wounds, stained the vest, but it did so on the
04:59back.
05:00What did that blood do?
05:02Did it flow upwards?
05:04Instead of going down on his stomach, he went up, smearing his undershirt on the
05:08back?
05:09Less and less convinced by the official version.
05:16I went to the morgue and noticed that the only wound from which the blood was already coming out was congealed.
05:32was under the left shoulder, while all the other wounds were without any
05:43hint of blood, as if they had been inflicted on the already dead body.
05:51He told Del Carpio and he replied to me, investigative secrecy, but with a nod in his head he
06:02he seemed to approve of my version.
06:06It doesn't work, it doesn't add up, it's a lie.
06:10That photograph, so clear and so famous, proves only one thing.
06:14As the title of an article by Tommaso Besozzi, published on July 16 of that year, says
06:19on the European and then remained in the history of journalism, what is certain is only that
06:23is dead.
06:49If all this isn't true, what happened in the courtyard of Casa de Maria that night?
06:54How did the bandit Giuliano die?
06:57Who is Salvatore Giuliano and what is his story?
07:00Be careful, because there are many lies here too.
07:03So far, 36 biographies of Giuliano have been published, so the legend of Giuliano
07:14It is a legend that has a wide popularity and a topicality, because these 36 biographies
07:24These are not biographies from 50 years ago, they are biographies of recent years.
07:32However, despite this legend, this fame, practically nothing is known about Giuliano.
07:40Nothing.
07:41To tell the story of Salvatore Giuliano we must go back in time, to Sicily
07:46of the immediate post-war period.
07:49Sicily was liberated in 1943, when the Allies landed on the island and conquered it.
07:55quickly.
07:57To facilitate the invasion, the Americans made contact with the Mafia, through
08:02an old New York boss, Lucky Luciano.
08:06The Mafia supports the invasion and establishes close relations with the occupiers, so much so that
08:11the protection of the allies brings known mafiosi to the head of some local administrations,
08:16like Don Calogero Vizzini, who becomes the mayor of Villalba.
08:20The Sicilian mafiosi have close relations with the agents of the OSS, the secret service
08:26American.
08:28Among the OSS collaborators there is a young aspiring pact lawyer, who is called
08:33Michele Sindona.
08:34But that's another story.
08:36It was in Sicily during those years that Salvatore Giuliano became a bandit.
08:42It is September 2, 1943, and it is 5 pm.
08:47Giuliano is 21 years old and has been trading grain on the black market with his brother for at least a year.
08:52Joseph.
08:53In Sicily in those years people were dying of hunger.
08:56The law requires that grain and basic necessities be brought to the storage facility,
09:01in common warehouses, from where they must be sold at controlled prices, for example 3 lire and 60
09:07cents for a kilo of bread.
09:09Those who have the grain do not accept it and prefer to sell it under the counter, on the black market, as it is commonly said,
09:16or to make a deal, as they say in Sicily.
09:19Both the big speculators, who are protected by the mafia and corrupt allied administrators,
09:24both the small clandestine merchants, who can resell that kilo of bread for 40 lire,
09:29when a worker's monthly salary is 1200 lire.
09:33Giuliano is one of them.
09:36At the height of the hamlet of Quarto Mulino, you will come across a road block hidden in a
09:41vimli grove.
09:43Giuliano stops and hands over the documents, ready to have the cargo seized.
09:48But the Carabinieri want more, they want to know who sold it to them.
09:53Then, the passage of another black marketeer, a schemer, distracts them and Giuliano tries to escape.
10:08Antonio Mancino, the policeman who is holding him under rifle fire, pointed at him.
10:13he shoots him, wounding him in the side and knocking him to the ground.
10:18Giuliano is armed. He has a 9mm pistol that a Yugoslavian soldier sold him for a bottle of wine.
10:24and with that the policeman shoots.
10:28Mancino aimed it, hit it in the heart, died instantly and Salvatore Giuliano became a bandit.
10:40Wounded, Giuliano hides in the village of Borgetto, from where he is taken to a cave in the mountains above Monte Lepre.
10:47He cannot return home because he left his identity card in the hands of the police.
10:52He is a fugitive, accused of the murder of a carabiniere.
10:56Mancino pointed it out, it's just the first one.
10:58Three months later, at Christmas, the Carabinieri raided his home in Monte Lepre, alerted by a spy.
11:05They narrowly miss him, but arrest the male members of his family, who take them away in a truck.
11:11Giuliano lies in wait on the road and shoots at the Carabinieri truck.
11:19He kills Lieutenant Gualtieri, then moves to another side and shoots again,
11:23making three carabinieri, who will say they were under fire from at least ten people.
11:29It's almost a military action.
11:31Suddenly, from bandit, Salvatore Giuliano became a guerrilla fighter.
11:41He's almost there, becoming a gang leader too.
11:45Disguised as a peasant, Giuliano goes to the town of Monreale,
11:48where the prison where part of his family is locked up is located.
11:52It's easy to organize an escape.
11:54All you need to do is bring a piece of rope and a file into the prison.
11:57Giuliano succeeds.
11:59During the night between January 30 and 31, 1944, 12 people escaped.
12:05It is the first nucleus of the Giuliano gang.
12:07It's the first step towards legend.
12:10After the clash with the Carabinieri on September 2, 1943,
12:16he goes into hiding, then organizes the gang,
12:19and thus his work as a bandit takes place.
12:24And it is during this period that he carries out a series of actions
12:29which confirm the fame of the bandit who steals from the rich and gives to the poor.
12:37a Robin Hood, let's say, rather of a homely nature, in short,
12:44not like the Robin Hood of classical fame, like the one we get from the movies.
12:50Giuliano's gang is made up of about ten members,
12:54all fugitives, called the greats.
12:56They are flanked by about forty picciotti,
12:58recruited from time to time for each coup
13:00and who, having no criminal record, live regularly in the village.
13:04The absolute and undisputed leader, under penalty of death, is him, Salvatore Giuliano.
13:10Among its lieutenants there is one called Gaspare Pisciotta.
13:14Let's remember this, because it will be important.
13:17The robberies of Giuliano's gang took place between Montelepre, Castellamare,
13:22Alcamo and San Giuseppe Iato.
13:24Robberies, cattle thefts, extortion, kidnappings.
13:28Giuliano's gang is efficient, fast and elusive.
13:32There is someone who notices her, almost immediately.
13:35In May 1945 Giuliano was recruited by the separatist movement
13:41and becomes a colonel in the army for the independence of Sicily
13:48and then begins what should have been the civil war
13:52organized by the separatists.
13:56And it must be said that Giuliano also played this role with notable effectiveness and expertise.
14:04The separatist movement has been active in Sicily since 1943.
14:10First as the Sicilia Libertà Movement, then as the Movement for the Independence of Sicily,
14:16It has at least 500,000 members and is protected by the landowners, the landed nobility and the Americans.
14:22The aim is to separate Sicily from Italy, making it independent.
14:26or even uniting it with the United States as the 49th star of the American flag.
14:31Since 1945, separatism has had an army, the Evis, of which Giuliano's gang also became part.
14:39and Giuliano has the rank of colonel.
14:41This is the second phase of its history.
14:44Look, my brother Salvatore Giuliano made contact with the separatist movement in 1945.
14:54and immediately after I went to visit again and they brought us the ranks of the commanders of the Evis,
15:02the badges, the uniforms, weapons, ammunition, in short.
15:08Giuliano's war against Italy causes 86 deaths among the police forces.
15:134 army soldiers, 81 carabinieri and 21 policemen.
15:18It is a war made of assaults on barracks and ambushes, like the one at Bello Lampo.
15:23Giuliano attacks the town barracks, but it's just a diversion.
15:27A rescue convoy sets out from Palermo, but when the Carabinieri arrive, Giuliano has already disappeared.
15:32He went to mine the road, so when the column goes back along it, returning to Palermo,
15:37the lead truck hits a mine, 6 dead and 12 seriously injured.
15:42Or like when the police marched on Montelepre for a roundup with 458 men.
15:48Giuliano attacks one of the moving columns, causing about ten deaths.
15:52My brother acted politically and always with the yellow and red flag, always for political purposes.
16:07And I want to clarify one thing.
16:09All the murders that the police attributed to my brother, that my brother killed the carabinieri for no reason.
16:18That's completely untrue. If any Carabinieri were lost, it was simply in the separatist struggle.
16:27Because it was rightly a war. My brother also lost men.
16:33So she teaches me that when there is a war the losses are on one side or the other.
16:37But always for political purposes.
16:40Against banditry, against the separatist army, but above all against Giuliano, the State sends its men.
16:46First, the General Inspectorate of Public Security was established to coordinate operations between the police and the Carabinieri in Sicily.
16:54The direction of the Inspectorate was entrusted to Ettaro Messana and then, after various successors, to Ciro Verdiani.
17:02However, the Inspectorate fails to achieve results and command passes to the Carabinieri.
17:06This competition between the police and the Carabinieri will be an element that will mark the whole fight against the Giuliano gang,
17:11with continuous misdirections, obstacles and actions that burn the informants of both sides.
17:19Meanwhile, the CFRB, Corps, Force, Repression and Banditry, was established.
17:24whose command is entrusted to Colonel Ugo Luca.
17:2726 Carabinieri officers, 16 public safety officers, 1500 Carabinieri and 500 police officers.
17:364,000 square kilometers are divided into 70 sub-areas, manned by squadrons and intermediate commands.
17:50It's a war.
17:52Colonel Ugo Luca has his men, Captain Antonio Perenze,
17:57Lieutenant Colonel Giacinto Paolo Antonio and Marshal Giovanni Lobianco.
18:01Many of these come from wartime intelligence services
18:04and have experience fighting banditry in Ethiopia and Libya.
18:08Then the military results, the occupation of the territory, the democratic evolution of Sicily,
18:14but above all the granting of special autonomy to the Sicily region,
18:18they take away military and political space from separatism.
18:22In March-April 1946 the separatist movement agreed to reject the independence demand.
18:34He disbanded the army for the independence of Sicily
18:40and wanted to be accepted as a legal party that could participate in the elections.
18:50On the basis of this agreement, the government committed to granting amnesty,
18:57which was then the Togliatti administration.
18:59However, only the separatist leaders benefited from this administration,
19:04even those who had committed banditry,
19:10while Giuliano and his gang were excluded
19:13as they had committed crimes against the army, against the Carabinieri and against the police.
19:19From that moment on another phase begins.
19:23He no longer has any ties to the separatist movement,
19:25he was somehow betrayed, let's say,
19:28so it was not taken into due consideration
19:32and enters, let's say, into the mysteries of agrarian-mafia terrorism.
19:38Is there anyone else who has their eye on Salvatore Giuliano?
19:41and has done so since 1943,
19:43when he was just a cunning and enterprising young bandit
19:46who had helped 12 people escape from the Monreale prison.
19:50It's the mafia.
19:51They are men like Don Calogero Vizzini,
19:54Vanni Sacco, Genco Russo or Michele Navarra.
19:57Without the mafia, without its support,
19:59without the freedom of maneuver that this grants him,
20:02Salvatore Giuliano could never have been that
20:05which in fact is, the bandit Giuliano,
20:07one of the most famous bandits in the world.
20:10Swedish journalist, Maria Ciliacus,
20:13she is fascinated by him after an interview
20:15and she doesn't want to leave until she's expelled.
20:20There is an American journalist,
20:21a strange journalist,
20:23who interviews Giuliano wearing a uniform
20:25as a United States Army officer,
20:27His name is Mike Stern, let's remember that.
20:30Stern dedicates a serialized service to him
20:32in True magazine,
20:33which launched him in the United States as a star.
20:36And then there is Jacopo Rizza,
20:38who interviews him together with an operator
20:39of the newsreel, for the weekly Oggi.
20:42Giuliano was a character
20:44which the judges of Viterbo defined
20:46megalomaniac,
20:47that is, he suffered from megalomania,
20:49he had delusions of grandeur.
20:51It was actually a boy,
20:54a rather disoriented young man,
20:59but full of violence
21:00which was passed on to him by others.
21:03At 13-14 years old he had been beaten up
21:05a companion of his,
21:06had reduced him to the brink of death,
21:08but no one had reported it.
21:11He had started writing about systems
21:13cosmic, on the tides,
21:16he wrote treatises on the universe.
21:18Giuliano writes poems
21:20and it presents itself as a species
21:22of popular avenger
21:23who helps old beggars
21:25and bring justice to those who steal from poor families
21:26or pretends to do so in his name,
21:28leaving behind the victims
21:29signs with writing on them
21:30Julian does not rob the poor
21:32or executed
21:33in the name of God and of Sicily.
21:35A kind of Robin Hood
21:37built through episodes
21:39uncontrollable
21:40and contradicted by criminal actions
21:42which they will leave on the field
21:4342 civilian casualties.
21:45An image that however
21:46it breaks definitively
21:48at the Ginestra gate.
22:00The regional elections of 1947
22:02they mark a clear victory
22:05of the social-communist left,
22:06the people's blockade,
22:08on the DC, on the monarchists
22:09and on the separatists.
22:10It's a special moment
22:12in the political life of Sicily.
22:15The land occupation movement,
22:18the agrarian reform,
22:19union struggles
22:20they are putting in crisis
22:21the large property and the latifundium
22:23and it is right in the countryside
22:24dominated by large landowners
22:26and also from the mafia of the large estates
22:28that the clash is tougher.
22:30It is a time of great popular demonstrations
22:33and at the Ginestra gate,
22:35May Day celebrations,
22:36it's a broken tradition
22:37only from fascism.
22:39It's a great opportunity to take it back,
22:41especially that first of May 1947
22:43with those election results.
22:50In the Portella plain,
22:51at 9.30,
22:53there are so many people
22:54who has been there since 7 in the morning.
22:56At first,
22:57those who hear the explosions
22:59right on the speaker's first words
23:00they think of firecrackers
23:01and they clap their hands.
23:02Then, suddenly,
23:04Vito Agliotta,
23:05a trade unionist who stands on stage,
23:07collapses to the ground.
23:08Some mules bend on their legs,
23:10there is a child who falls
23:10and there's also a woman
23:12who finds himself with blood-stained clothes.
23:14Those aren't firecrackers,
23:16they're shooting,
23:17they are shooting at people.
23:35It's a massacre.
23:45When the shooting stops,
23:47on the meadow of Portella della Ginestra
23:4833 people were injured
23:50and 12 deaths,
23:52including a 12-year-old boy
23:53and one of 7.
23:54A massacre.
24:11The ones who shot were Giuliano
24:13and his gang.
24:17They've been lying in wait
24:18from the night before on the Pelavet,
24:20the mountain in front of the Piana,
24:22armed with model 91 muskets,
24:25American automatic rifles
24:26and a Breda submachine gun
24:28with tripod.
24:30Weapons of war,
24:31able to shoot
24:32up to the Piana di Portella.
24:35They gather together
24:36to a fraction of the band
24:37formed by Salvatore Ferreri,
24:40called Fra Diavolo,
24:41an important character,
24:42let's remember this,
24:43and the Pianello brothers,
24:45armed with 9mm Beretta submachine guns.
24:47Four hunters
24:48which reach as far as Pelavet
24:50that morning
24:50they are seized.
24:52If they ask you who shot,
24:53you say there were 500 of us.
24:55They order him,
24:55before releasing them.
24:57There is another witness,
24:58Instead,
24:59that is thrown into a well
25:00because maybe
25:01he saw too much.
25:02Seen too much?
25:03But what?
25:04Yes,
25:05because even in the reconstruction
25:06of the Portella massacre
25:07of the Broom
25:08there are many grey areas,
25:10many lies.
25:11There are strange movements
25:12before the massacre.
25:14Three days before,
25:15in the Caggio farmhouse,
25:17owned by a mafia boss
25:18of the area,
25:19Joseph Troia,
25:20there was a meeting.
25:21What was talked about?
25:23Of estagli,
25:24say the participants.
25:25But the estagli,
25:26agreements between sharecroppers
25:28and the masters,
25:29they are not made in that season.
25:31What was talked about then?
25:32Of the planning of the massacre,
25:34the police hypothesize.
25:36A few days before the massacre,
25:38the mafiosi and the gabbellotti
25:41of Piana degli Albanesi
25:42they start collecting money,
25:44they raise a significant amount of money.
25:48They say,
25:49once heard by the judges,
25:52that this had happened
25:54for the feast of St. George.
25:56In reality it had never happened before
25:58that characters of a certain type,
26:01of some importance,
26:02were so mobilized
26:04to put pressure on the owners
26:06for the payment of large sums
26:10of money for a master's party.
26:14The doubts that arose then,
26:19but which were not then taken
26:21taken into consideration by the judges,
26:23they were with that money
26:25weapons had to be bought.
26:27And then there's another episode
26:29even stranger.
26:30Two days before the massacre,
26:31Giuliano and his men are camped
26:33in the Genovese brothers' farmhouse.
26:39Pasquale Sciortino arrives,
26:41Giuliano's brother-in-law,
26:42with a letter from the bandit's mother.
26:47Giuliano stands in a corner,
26:49he reads it carefully,
26:50then he burns it with a match,
26:52call others and announce
26:54the time for our liberation has come.
26:57What was in that letter?
26:59The promise of an amnesty
27:00what if he had committed the massacre?
27:02Or, as the mother says,
27:03just greetings from friends
27:05who were in America?
27:06Marshal Lobianco
27:07he still has another idea.
27:10Giuliano had to naturally
27:12demonstrate his prestige
27:14towards those he was pushing
27:16to go and kill innocent victims.
27:19He said the time had come
27:21of their freedom,
27:23of their liberation.
27:25And for this you had to go and shoot
27:27against the communists.
27:27rather than making you think
27:31that someone,
27:32just by letter,
27:33had authorized it
27:35to commit that massacre.
27:36But then really
27:38there was only Giuliano's gang
27:39on that mountain
27:40in front of Portella della Ginestra.
27:42Marshal Lobianco's reconstruction
27:44indicates a point of focus.
27:46But there they were found
27:48only the shells
27:496.05 caliber
27:50of Julian's mitre,
27:51in addition to those of the 91 muskets
27:53and automatic rifles
27:54American brand.
27:55It's just that
27:57the only point of fire.
27:58We had it submitted
28:00the wounded,
28:01the survivors still living
28:03to some investigations
28:06by the medical examiners
28:08of the Palermo Polyclinic.
28:10And we discovered
28:11to our surprise
28:12that one of our members
28:13has still stuck
28:15in a chest muscle
28:16the machine gun bullet
28:19that hit him
28:20May 1st
28:21at Portella della Ginestra.
28:22A 9mm bullet
28:26Giuliano was shooting
28:28with the 6.5 Breida machine gun
28:29he was present and shot
28:31we don't know how many deaths
28:33have done
28:34but at least the shot
28:36which has drawn
28:37this member of ours
28:39it was a machine gun shot
28:439mm caliber
28:44most likely
28:45it was the shot
28:46Ferreri's party
28:48what the judges say
28:49was present
28:50at Portella della Ginestra
28:52at which moment
28:52Are there any witnesses
28:54who talk about shots
28:55coming from other points
28:56for example
28:57from a gully under the Pelavet
28:58where a long time later
29:00in 1997
29:01it was found
29:03a machine gun magazine
29:049mm caliber
29:05they also exist
29:06two more stations
29:07one on Mount Cumeta
29:09in front of the Pelavet
29:10and another one
29:11on some rocks
29:12that are found
29:13on the opposite side
29:14of Piana degli Albanesi
29:15rocks
29:16that can be achieved
29:17from a path
29:18which leads directly
29:19at the Caggio farmhouse
29:20the one in which it was held
29:21the meeting
29:22a few days before
29:23of the massacre
29:23there really was
29:25only the Giuliano band
29:26to shoot
29:27on Portella della Ginestra?
29:28There were a series
29:30of rather obvious facts
29:33that they could demonstrate
29:35they demonstrated
29:36and they certainly demonstrate
29:38even if after a long time
29:40the presence of the mafia
29:41in the context of the massacre
29:43as a strong element
29:46decisive
29:47without which
29:48criminal control
29:50on the territory
29:50it could not have been had
29:53for example
29:54a series of witnesses
29:57they declared
29:58that they had seen
30:00with their eyes
30:01the mafia bosses
30:02of the municipalities
30:04of Piana
30:04Saint Joseph
30:05and San Cipirrello
30:08present
30:08present
30:09on site
30:11that of Portella
30:12of the Broom
30:13it's not the only massacre
30:14of the Giuliano band
30:16to the detriment
30:16of farmers' associations
30:18and political parties
30:19of the left
30:20and it wouldn't even be
30:21the first time
30:22that the mafia intervenes
30:23to eliminate
30:24uncomfortable trade unionists
30:25especially in those years
30:26of agrarian reform
30:27and redistribution
30:28of the lands
30:29for example
30:30there is the story
30:31by Placido Rizzotto
30:32the secretary
30:33of the Chamber of Labor
30:34of Corleone
30:35killed by Luciano Liggio
30:46in those years
30:47it's a massacre
30:48continues
30:49of trade unionists
30:50and militants
30:50left
30:51after the massacre
30:53of Portella
30:53of the Broom
30:54May 1st
30:551947
30:57happened
30:58new massacres
30:59in the province
30:59from Palermo
31:00in Partenico
31:02it was opened
31:03the fire
31:04against
31:04the Chamber of Labor
31:05that worked
31:07then also
31:07as headquarters
31:08of the Party
31:09Italian Communist
31:10were taken
31:11assault
31:12also the locations
31:13left
31:13of the municipalities
31:14of Borgetto
31:15Morreale
31:16Cinisi
31:17Saint Joseph
31:17Saint Cyprian
31:18Terrasini
31:20so a maneuver
31:22subversive
31:23wide-ranging
31:24which caused
31:25this time too
31:26dead
31:27and dozens
31:28and dozens
31:28referred to
31:29the Giuliano band
31:31who shoots at Portella
31:32together with the mafia
31:32to terrorize
31:33the farmers
31:34that are happening
31:34organizing
31:35after the electoral victory
31:37shoot
31:38and plant bombs
31:39to terrorize
31:40and disorganize
31:41and maybe provoke
31:42an authoritarian reaction
31:43we've already seen it
31:44is called
31:45strategy of tension
31:47and further on
31:47over the years
31:48will have examples
31:49even clearer
31:50that's why
31:51that Julian
31:52he shot Portella
31:53of the Broom
31:59Perhaps
31:59Julian
32:00he acted
32:00together with the mafia
32:01on behalf
32:02of precise
32:02political instigators
32:03that they wanted
32:04exploit terror
32:05against farmers
32:06and trade unionists
32:07in the letter
32:08who received
32:09from the mother
32:09it's written
32:10exactly this
32:10amnesty
32:11benefits
32:12in exchange
32:12of a military action
32:13or maybe
32:15Julian
32:16he shot
32:16against the communists
32:17why didn't they leave him
32:18pass through their lands
32:19as he says
32:20the marshal
32:20Lobianco
32:21and on that sheet
32:22there's nothing written there
32:24it's not the only mystery
32:25what remains
32:26in the story of Giuliano
32:27On the contrary
32:27from this moment
32:28the mysteries
32:29they become even denser
32:31for example
32:31that of Fra Diavolo
32:37he's a strange guy
32:38Brother Devil
32:39young
32:40elegant
32:40handsome as an actor
32:41of the cinema
32:42it is one of the first
32:43Giuliano's lieutenants
32:44with him since 1944
32:45and has on his shoulders
32:47as many as 13 murders
32:48between the police
32:49military
32:49and policemen
32:50the adventure is over
32:52separatist
32:52Brother Devil
32:53he goes to Florence
32:54where it seems to have happened
32:55forgotten everything
32:56of Sicily
32:57of the life of a bandit
32:58by Giuliano
32:59Inspector Messana
33:01he knows where it is
33:02and could arrest him
33:03and instead
33:04contact the father
33:05by Ferreri
33:06because it convinces
33:06Brother Devil
33:07to become
33:08an informant of his
33:08and that's how it is
33:10in this guise
33:10of informant
33:11of the police
33:12that Brother Devil
33:13Giuliano returns to the gang
33:14and participate in actions
33:16like the massacre
33:17of Portella della Ginestra
33:23Brother Devil
33:23he is one of the first victims
33:25of strange misfortune
33:26that haunts
33:27the Giuliano band
33:28immediately after the massacre
33:29of Portella della Ginestra
33:31after the massacre
33:32the men
33:33by Colonel Luca
33:34they score
33:35a series of shots
33:36that slowly slowly
33:36they dismantle
33:37Giuliano's gang
33:38fortune
33:39or the fruit
33:40of a job well done
33:41after the massacres
33:43immediately
33:44happens
33:45a process
33:46of removal
33:46of the witnesses
33:48the latest massacre
33:49it is on June 22nd
33:50of 47
33:51June 26th
33:52they fall
33:53about ten
33:54of men
33:55of the Giuliano band
33:565 are
33:57those who are in charge
33:59to Ferreri
33:59and they are witnesses
34:00prominent
34:01these 5 people
34:02they fall
34:03of a sudden
34:04in a conflict
34:05on fire
34:06that in 50 years
34:07has always aroused
34:08let's say
34:09the curiosities
34:12and the perplexities
34:13of how many
34:14if there are any
34:15busy
34:17surprised
34:18Thank you
34:18to the tip-off
34:19of a confidant
34:19the bandits
34:20they are killed
34:21on the street
34:22from the police
34:22Brother Devil
34:23he is taken alive
34:24and taken to the barracks
34:25as soon as he realizes
34:27of being lost
34:28Brother Devil
34:29attacks
34:29the captain
34:30Giallombardo
34:30and succeeds
34:31to take it off
34:32from the belt
34:32the Beretta
34:33by order
34:33but
34:34he assures us
34:35and the captain
34:36Giallombardo
34:37he's in time
34:37to take
34:38another gun
34:39a Beretta
34:396.35
34:40and shoot him
34:41two shots
34:41on the forehead
34:45there is something
34:46that doesn't come back
34:47actually
34:48the action
34:49which brings
34:49to the capture
34:49by Fra Diavolo
34:50it seems more
34:51an ambush
34:58the carabinieri
34:59they are stationed
35:00at various points
35:00of the road
35:01and they shoot
35:01from all sides
35:02about the group
35:03of the bandits
35:04that are mowed down
35:05from a crossfire
35:07among the dead
35:08there is also
35:09the father
35:09by Fra Diavolo
35:10what he had negotiated
35:12with Inspector Messana
35:13the role of informant
35:14of the son
35:14on the father
35:16by Fra Diavolo
35:17is found
35:17a regular gun license
35:19issued by the police headquarters
35:20from Trapani
35:20some time before
35:21the Pianello brothers
35:23Instead
35:23we heard it
35:24they were confident
35:26of the lieutenant colonel
35:27Paul Antonio
35:28in this strange
35:29and complex game
35:30of double agents
35:31and triples
35:31between the police
35:32and carabinieri
35:33Brother Devil
35:34wound
35:35is discovered
35:36hidden
35:36on the threshold
35:37of a warehouse
35:38at the time of arrest
35:39he says immediately
35:40to be
35:40a secret agent
35:41of Inspector Messana
35:42and shows
35:43an identification card
35:44headed
35:45to a policeman
35:46the driver
35:47of the lieutenant colonel
35:48Paul Antonio
35:48he says he wants to talk
35:50with Inspector Messana
35:52and have important information
35:53which can lead
35:55to the capture
35:55by Giuliano
35:56Then
35:57is brought
35:58in the barracks
35:58and there
35:59according to the version
36:00of the captain
36:01Giallombardo
36:01happens
36:02what happens
36:06the strange misfortune
36:08that haunts
36:08Giuliano's gang
36:09it doesn't stop
36:10between Devil
36:10and his group
36:11Colonel Luca
36:13Captain Perenze
36:14the lieutenant colonel
36:15Paul Antonio
36:16but above all
36:16Marshal Lobianco
36:17they score
36:18other arrests
36:19Marshal Lobianco
36:21a subtle work begins
36:22of conviction
36:23towards
36:24of a mafioso
36:25which is very close
36:26to Giuliano's gang
36:27Benedetto Minasola
36:29Minasola
36:32he ended up saying
36:33I feel
36:33I will try
36:35but it's worth it
36:36that you go in the middle of it
36:38my life
36:39but also his
36:42and I anyway
36:43I would prove myself available
36:46I accepted
36:47suddenly
36:49it seems that the mafia
36:50no longer have any interest
36:51to protect Giuliano
36:53On the contrary
36:53it really seems like it
36:54that you let go of it
36:54Why?
36:55why is it no longer needed?
36:57because from this moment on
36:58can be
36:58just a danger
36:59in any case
37:01the agreement with Nitto Minasola
37:02works
37:03contact some
37:05of the components
37:05of the band
37:06and tells him
37:06that Julian
37:07he wants to talk to him
37:08Then
37:08he delivers them
37:09to Marshal Lobianco
37:10that is pretending
37:11Don Peppino
37:11a friend
37:12but the real goal
37:14it's Giuliano
37:15and Julian
37:16he arrives
37:16suspicious
37:18from the disappearance
37:18of many of his men
37:20he calls
37:21Minasola
37:21and send for him
37:23one of his best men
37:24Gaspare Pisciotta
37:28Pisciotta
37:29Minasola gate
37:29from Giuliano
37:30who questions him
37:31and discovers his betrayal
37:34Minasola
37:35he tells him clearly
37:36to give it up
37:37they were
37:37Miceli brothers
37:38the mafiosi
37:39on which it depends
37:39his area
37:46Julian
37:47leave Minasola
37:48in the hands of Pisciotta
37:49who will have to kill him
37:50but as soon as they remain
37:51alone
37:52Minasola
37:53speaks in Pisciotta
37:54he tells him that now
37:56it's over
37:56and offers him
37:57a way out
37:58meet with
37:59the marshal
37:59Lobianco
38:01Pisciotta
38:02accept
38:03the carabinieri
38:04they provide him
38:05a fake
38:05let it pass
38:06signed by
38:07Minister of the Interior
38:08that one is also false
38:09naturally
38:10the captain
38:11Perenze
38:11he takes it under
38:12his protection
38:13he takes him to his house
38:14and he also brings it
38:15at the doctor's
38:16why Pisciotta
38:17suffers from tuberculosis
38:18but
38:19the carabinieri
38:20they want Giuliano
38:21they want Pisciotta
38:22you bring them to him
38:23then suddenly
38:25Colonel Luca
38:26announces to his collaborators
38:28that Julian
38:29he still only has
38:3036 hours of freedom
38:31Luca had
38:33a concern
38:34that
38:35to be
38:36the protagonist
38:38absolute
38:39of the end
38:41by Giuliano
38:42When
38:43taken
38:44the agreements
38:45with
38:45Pisciotta
38:47after having
38:48set aside
38:49me
38:49and it began
38:50continued to deal
38:52Pisciotta
38:53on how
38:55to be able to arrive
38:56to the capture
38:58by Giuliano
39:01they managed them
39:02the whole operation
39:04Colonel Luca
39:05download Paolo Antonio
39:07and Lo Bianco
39:07excludes them from the operation
39:09he relies on
39:09only
39:10to the captain
39:10Perenze
39:11Pisciotta
39:12bring the captain
39:13and some carabinieri
39:14in Castelvetrano
39:15where Giuliano
39:16it's hidden
39:16but he doesn't bring them
39:18up to the house
39:18of the lawyer De Maria
39:19he leaves them in front
39:20at the municipal villa
39:21the shelters
39:22he says
39:23there could be two
39:24and Julian
39:24if they are wrong
39:25run away
39:36the captain
39:37let go
39:38Pisciotta
39:38and waits for him
39:39with concern
39:40growing
39:42time passes
39:43It's 4 in the morning
39:45and Pisciotta
39:45you can't see it
39:46Then
39:47suddenly
39:48there he is
39:48without shoes
39:50and with a gun
39:50in hand
39:51I had to
39:52shoot him
39:53says the captain
39:54Perenze
39:59the official version
40:00it's another one
40:01but that one
40:01we saw it
40:02it's false
40:03as they will admit
40:04the same carabinieri
40:05it's a lie
40:05one of many
40:06and then
40:08what happened
40:09really
40:09in those hours
40:10how he died
40:12the bandit Giuliano
40:13and who killed him
40:18on the death of the bandit Giuliano
40:19there are 16 different versions
40:22some of these
40:22I am in contradiction
40:23even if made official
40:25from judicial documents
40:26there are those who say
40:27that he did not die there
40:28but in Villa Carolina
40:29100 km away
40:30there are those who say
40:31than to kill him
40:32it was Luciano Ligio
40:33absolutely not
40:35he died in Castelfedrano
40:36I'm not telling lies
40:37please
40:38they are all inventions
40:40inventions
40:43allow yourselves
40:43even journalistic ones
40:45there is a version
40:46more likely
40:47of the others
40:47the evening of July 4th
40:49Julian
40:50dinner at home
40:51of the lawyer De Maria
40:52where he found
40:53refuge
40:53to the roundups
41:01dinner with bread
41:02olives and cheese
41:03and drinks a glass of wine
41:04with a mafioso
41:05Joseph Marotta
41:17around 11
41:18Pisciotta also arrives
41:19who left the carabinieri
41:20in front of the municipal villa
41:23Pisciotta speaks with Giuliano
41:25who knows about his collaboration
41:26with the carabinieri
41:29it was the same
41:31Inspector Verdiani
41:32to reveal it to him
41:32with a letter
41:33Pisciotta denies everything
41:35and then
41:41Giuliano goes to bed
41:42followed by Pisciotta
41:46his wine was drugged
41:48and Giuliano falls
41:49in a deep sleep
41:52Pisciotta
41:53it was another mafioso
41:54and together they start rummaging
41:58to recover the cards
41:59by Giuliano
42:00in those days
42:02Giuliano wrote a lot
42:03and he put everything
42:04in a card holder
42:04and then
42:11someone
42:11Giuliano shoots
42:12Pisciotta says it was him
42:14but is that so?
42:15Recently De Maria
42:17interviewed by an Italian weekly
42:21he said verbatim that
42:25at some point in the night
42:27Pisciotta introduces himself to him
42:29who tells him
42:31Lawyer
42:32they're shooting
42:33now it is not possible that Pisciotta
42:35could have killed Giuliano
42:38because a person who is found
42:40in conversation with De Maria
42:42who says they are shooting
42:44it is clear that it cannot be
42:46let's say
42:48also present at the same time
42:50in another place
42:51it's there in front of De Maria
42:52then De Maria himself
42:54with this testimony of his
42:55today he would exonerate Pisciotta
42:57why Pisciotta is loading
42:59also of Giuliano's murder
43:02what advantages could he have from it?
43:06Then we need to know that
43:08at the Ministry of the Interior
43:13there was a file of papers
43:16who had the number 29
43:18S bar if I'm not mistaken
43:22year 1950
43:24which bore this heading
43:27Pisciotta's declaration
43:29on the killing of Giuliano
43:31this file has disappeared
43:33Whoever it was
43:35Pisciotta escapes from the police
43:37who are waiting for him in front of the municipal villa
43:39and drives away with an 1100
43:40Giuliano's cards
43:42mysteriously disappear
43:47Captain Perenze
43:48runs to De Maria's house
43:49and finds Giuliano dead on the bed
44:00after having had it dressed as best as possible
44:02he has him taken out
44:03and unloads on him
44:05a burst of machine gun fire
44:07then Captain Perenze
44:09package the official version
44:11which he later retracted
44:12and Giuliano's documents?
44:14All fantasies
44:17Giuliano never wrote a memorial
44:20for which they were
44:21a little printed
44:24many newspaper pages
44:26of all extractions
44:28because it's all a fazza
44:29it's absolutely not true
44:30after Julian's death
44:32the body strength
44:33repression of banditry
44:35it melts
44:35as if the band
44:36was the only criminal problem
44:38of Sicily in those years
44:39with Salvatore Giuliano
44:41one of the main ones is leaving
44:42protagonists of this story
44:44he could have been taken alive
44:46Marshal Lobianco will say
44:47maybe it was better if he was dead
44:49at least for whoever delivered it
44:51to the police
44:52Giuliano in fact
44:53he knew many secrets
44:59Giuliano is not the only witness
45:01of this story
45:02and secrets
45:03that they brought
45:03upon his capture
45:04there is another one
45:05Gaspare Pisciotta
45:06after Julian's death
45:08Pisciotta
45:09remain under protection
45:10of the carabinieri
45:11he goes to Rome
45:12talk to some politicians
45:14and treats for his safety
45:15then he returns to Montelepre
45:17where he has his family
45:18and the girlfriend
45:19officially
45:20he's always a fugitive
45:21the police are not looking for him
45:22but the police do
45:23the police commissioner of Palermo
45:25he goes personally
45:25to arrest him
45:26Pisciotta
45:27he hides in a trapdoor
45:28but his cough
45:29from tubercular
45:30he betrays him
45:31and is arrested
45:36the process
45:37for the massacre
45:37of Portella della Ginestra
45:38it is held in Viterbo
45:39in 1952
45:41during the process
45:43Pisciotta
45:44speaks
45:44he says disturbing phrases
45:46as we are one body
45:47bandits
45:48mafia
45:48and police
45:49and then
45:50indicates
45:51as principals
45:51of the massacre
45:52some monarchist deputies
45:54Gianfranco Aliata
45:55of Montereale
45:56Thomas Leone Marchesano
45:57and James of Cusa the Jealous
45:59and later
46:00talks about political cover-ups
46:01by
46:02of the Honorable
46:03A.D
46:03Bernardo Mattarella
46:04but they are statements
46:06contradictory
46:07it is not known
46:07how reliable
46:08and the process
46:09to these deputies
46:10will be archived
46:11under investigation
46:11from the Court of Palermo
46:14the process
46:15from Viterbo
46:16to the Giuliano band
46:17it ends
46:17May 3rd
46:18with 12 life sentences
46:19almost all confirmed
46:20in the sentence
46:21of appeal
46:22he says some things
46:23that sentence
46:25he says
46:25you can definitely
46:26to affirm
46:27that between the mafia
46:28and Julian
46:28there was a connection
46:29constant
46:30determined
46:31from a convergence
46:32of interests
46:33of which the bandit leader
46:34he was the bearer
46:34and as for
46:36the Portella massacre
46:37of the Broom
46:38it's clear
46:38that the fundamental thrust
46:39to the crime
46:40it still has to be sought
46:41in the interest
46:42to stop
46:42the communist penetration
46:44in the countryside
46:45to preserve
46:46the old agricultural structures
46:47interest
46:48which was exactly
46:48of others too
46:49but despite this
46:51for the sentence
46:52the motive was not political
46:53from the moment
46:54which cannot be said
46:55that all people
46:56present there
46:57to celebrate
46:58May 1st
46:59there were
46:59for political reasons
47:00that meeting
47:01can be considered
47:03a country festival
47:04and then
47:05shoot at the farmers
47:06according to the ruling
47:07it was not a political act
47:08for which
47:09no principal
47:10to be searched for
47:11case closed
47:13also Pisciotta
47:14he is sentenced
47:15to life imprisonment
47:19Pisciotta feels betrayed
47:21these were not the agreements
47:23announces that he will say
47:24everything he knows
47:25at the appeal process
47:26and in the meantime
47:27he starts writing
47:2714 notebooks
47:31in early February
47:33receives the replacement
47:34attorney
47:34Peter Scaglione
47:35who listens for a long time
47:36the bandit
47:37but it's an informal conversation
47:39Scaglione did not bring himself
47:40behind the chancellor
47:41and promises to return
47:42a few days later
47:42to verbalize everything
47:44he won't have time
47:48February 9th
47:491954
47:51cell number 4
47:52of the prison
47:53of the Lucerdone
47:54from Palermo
47:546:30 am
47:57Gaspare Pisciotta
47:58he wakes up
47:59chat with his father
48:00with whom he shares the cell
48:02and with the guard
48:02who came to wake him up
48:06then he takes a dose
48:07by Vidalin
48:08a medicine
48:09very bitter
48:09which was prescribed to him
48:10the day before
48:11to fight
48:12tuberculosis
48:18then he takes the coffee
48:19according to a ritual
48:20consolidated
48:21two cups
48:22under the spouts
48:23of the coffee maker
48:23the one on the left
48:24for himself
48:25and the right one
48:26for the father
48:29pouring some of it
48:29in a tin cup
48:30because the father
48:31he wants less
48:38ask the guard
48:39if you want some
48:40but the guard
48:40refuse
48:47then suddenly
48:49Pisciotta
48:49he feels sick
48:54even before
48:55let the nurse arrive
48:56in Pisciotta's cell
48:57there are some friends
48:58are some components
49:00of the Giuliano band
49:00and also that Giuseppe Marotti
49:02who was at Maria's house
49:03when the bandit
49:04he was killed
49:04they take the bottle
49:06of Vidalin
49:07and they keep it in the cell
49:08to return it later
49:10in the meantime
49:11in the infirmary
49:12Gaspar Pisciotta
49:13he dies
49:14poisoned by coffee
49:16with strecnine
49:17the official version will say
49:18but it's true
49:20because it's not that easy
49:22drink a coffee
49:23with that dose of streptophan
49:24because it becomes very bitter
49:25maybe it's easier
49:27drink medicine
49:28already bitter in itself
49:29why the investigations
49:31they oriented themselves
49:32on coffee
49:32and not on the medicine
49:34why the investigations
49:36pipelines
49:37on strecnine
49:38in the coffee
49:39they were leading
49:40to blame
49:42the father
49:42who was detained
49:44in the cell with him
49:44the investigations
49:46instead on the medicine
49:47they would have led
49:48with circuits
49:49much wider
49:50Pisciotta
49:51I had
49:53of relationships
49:55with almost everyone
49:56the characters
49:57of the Lucciardone
49:59present
50:00at that moment
50:01there
50:02and so
50:03Pisciotta is also leaving
50:04but
50:05there are still
50:06those 14 notebooks
50:08the Pisciotta memorial
50:10what he would have made known
50:11on appeal
50:11those also disappeared
50:13they can no longer be found
50:20this is how the story ends
50:21of the bandit Giuliano
50:22which will be told
50:23from the storytellers
50:24of all of Sicily
50:25and also from a beautiful
50:26and well documented film
50:27by Francesco Rosi
50:28of 1961
50:30a strange story
50:31made of massacres
50:33red herrings
50:34and connivances
50:34and also a strange use
50:36of terror
50:37which already in the early years
50:38of the Republic
50:39it looks like something
50:39which we will see later
50:40it will be called
50:42attention strategy
50:43and will have many examples
50:44but that one
50:45it's another story
50:46thank you all
51:27thank you all