- 2 months ago
Dominant monkeys use high branches to reach lily flowers safely, while lower-ranking ones risk diving for roots....
这场关于猴子世界的妙趣横生的探险之旅，也有其严肃的一面....
这场关于猴子世界的妙趣横生的探险之旅，也有其严肃的一面....
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AnimalsTranscript
00:15Even before we knew we were related, we'd always known there was part of them in us and part of
00:23us in them.
00:31We can see ourselves in their faces.
00:37We share a long family history, a sense of adventure, courage, a society and its battles.
01:00There is an understanding of life and death here.
01:06What makes us human may not be uniquely human after all.
01:14There are wild monkeys all around the world, yet only recently have we discovered just how extraordinary they are.
01:34Jodhpur in India and the monkey gods are awake.
01:42Monkeys were here first.
01:46We have a handful of other closer cousins, rare forest apes.
01:51But monkeys represent the blueprints on which we are all based.
01:59Some monkeys live with us and perhaps live more like us than any other animal.
02:18We have no idea what they think and feel.
02:22We can, however, guess.
02:26And there are lots of different scientific theories.
02:33We do know they want to find out about everything.
02:36whatever the risks.
02:45Toke macaques will try anything new, imagining rewards behind every closed drawer, tasting every new food.
02:53Toke macaques will try anything new.
03:31Forty million years ago, in the ancient tropical forest, there were monkeys.
03:44Our monkey ancestors may have looked a little like this, tiny.
03:51In the tropical forests of Ecuador lives the pygmy marmoset, the smallest monkey in the
03:57world.
03:59It's the size of a hamster, and it hunts like a cat.
04:05Yet this monkey is closer to us than to cat or hamster.
04:10The eyes face forward and see in 3D and color, and have a powerful brain behind them.
04:17Hands have fingerprints and claws along fingernails.
04:25Being able to grasp physical objects also helps your understanding.
04:30You learn things are there even if you can't see them.
04:35Navigating around a tree is more complicated than flat ground.
04:44Marmosets hold places and objects in their minds.
04:52Once you can picture things, you can perhaps imagine improvements.
04:57The marmoset family seem to.
04:59Finally, they farm sap from trees.
05:03Taking bites out of the bark has no immediate benefit.
05:06The bark is spat out.
05:09The family makes ordered holes like planting a field of cabbages.
05:13A few days later, a harvest of sugary gum has emerged.
05:25Planning ahead is clever, but so are your neighbors, waiting for you to do all the work.
05:33The family next door launches raids every few days.
05:44The owners are chased off.
05:47And the invaders gobble up as much sap as they can.
05:56The owners scent mark, which seems to give them new confidence.
06:01They rally their forces, charge, and chase off the neighbors.
06:24A long time ago, the monkey mind turned to improving their world.
06:29And farming and warfare took root.
06:37Monkeys lived together to defend food and watch for predators.
06:42And numerous little societies sprang up.
06:55Each species made its own discoveries and customs.
07:01Marmosets and tamarins will often share childcare.
07:05The female emperor tamarin nearly always has twins, and she persuades two males to help
07:12look after them.
07:15Their mother carries them with the two fathers, neither certain of paternity, obediently in
07:21tow.
07:23When mum wants to offload the kids, she signals to her mates with her tongue.
07:38An obsession with the young, we now realize, is one of the things that is basic to all monkeys.
07:58The infants have a father each to look after them, so mum goes to feed on nectar.
08:06There's something curious about monkey babies.
08:09The silver leaf monkey, for example, has orange young.
08:13It's risky, with predators around.
08:16It advertises defenselessness.
08:18But to the family, it says, help me.
08:22Look after me.
08:24Adults respond by worrying more and devoting more time than if the baby wasn't so obviously
08:30vulnerable.
08:33So, young monkeys can stay being babies longer.
08:39Childhood in monkeys is not primarily about a growing body, but a growing mind.
08:44A young brain searches for understanding in slow stages, hands reaching out, working out what
08:51things are and how they work.
09:17A baby monkey slowly builds its understanding of the world, and of our
09:23others around them.
09:27As physical growing slows down, so monkeys have time to wise up.
09:54awareness dawns in infancy, intelligence awakes and takes control.
10:01awareness and takes control.
10:17These white-faced capuchins in Central America are very clever.
10:22In fact, capuchin monkeys have a larger brain for their size than any of our closer ape cousins.
10:31One group near the coast is able to track the tides.
10:36When the water retreats, clams are exposed and easy to collect.
10:44But not so easy to open.
10:48The trick is to roll and bang the clams hard and often for a long time.
11:10The thought of what's inside is what keeps them going.
11:13It's hardly fast food.
11:18Monkeys like us imagine food they can't yet see, and it drives them on.
11:28After ten minutes, the clams start to weaken and the capuchins can pull open the shells.
11:34If you're disappointed, it can only be because you've imagined more.
11:44Opening clams is just the beginning.
11:47Some troops have discovered how to get the best out of termite mounds.
11:50Or reach water by using their tail as a sponge.
11:55The young learn from their parents.
11:58They have what scientists call a culture.
12:01Monkey culture.
12:06But the most important things for monkeys to understand are their fellow monkeys.
12:12Outsmarting each other can make the difference between life and death.
12:22Most animals are wary of outsiders and defend their territory.
12:27In monkeys, this has become a battle of wits.
12:33The capuchins move around like chess pieces, testing their defenses, trying to trap unwary scouts.
12:52Previous battles and old grudges fuel the aggression.
12:59In monkey society, everyone is an individual and different rules can apply.
13:05Friends fight for each other.
13:09Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them.
13:23Rivals and foreigners can be killed if you can catch them.
13:30Our feelings for friends and enemies are chillingly similar.
13:36This is part of our nature too.
13:56Curse!!!âu
13:57Clamos Once Sc
13:58refugees Missing
13:58Missing
13:59inspection Missing
14:01Missing
14:21More capuchins are killed by each other than by any predator.
14:29The invaders retreat with nothing gained from the battle except injuries.
14:37If murder and morality have roots in our past, then so too does compassion.
14:44The fighters return and are soothed and nursed.
15:00The fighters return and are soothed.
15:30Hands that, when they were tiny, explored the world and opened a mind, now demonstrate
15:37a gentle understanding of others.
15:52Grooming does more than clean wounds and remove parasites.
15:57It shows respect and affection.
16:04Monkeys' attention to their health goes even further.
16:08Some monkeys have discovered a few simple medicines.
16:11The leaves of the piper plant are antiseptic and used by people here in Costa Rica as an
16:17insect repellent.
16:19When a capuchin finds a piper plant, they all become very excited, sharing, rubbing, disinfecting
16:26and turning it into a party.
16:29Self-medication becomes a social event.
16:33We do the same.
16:34Think of tea and alcohol.
17:00A need to try everything is an extraordinary way to survive in the jungle.
17:10Here are leaves that can cure disease or repel insects, feed you or poison you.
17:25knowledge, technology and culture are rooted here in the forest, in the hands of monkeys.
17:39In Sri Lanka, toke macaques fish for caterpillars.
17:46The caterpillars hang from the end of silk threads, but monkey hands can reel them in.
17:56Local knowledge and their unique culture are what they live by.
18:02They know a nearby lake is guarded by a six-foot monkey-eating monitor lizard.
18:16Trust monkeys to find a way to reach the delicious lily flowers, safe from the monitor lizard.
18:24Only the high-born, the dominant in the monkey society, are allowed to use these overhanging
18:29branches.
18:37Those at the bottom of the social scale have to take bigger risks.
18:46They take turns to watch for the monitor lizard.
18:51While the guards are alert, it's pretty safe.
18:57These lower-ranking toke macaques will actually dive for lily roots and bulbs.
19:03Little of this amazing behavior is instinctive.
19:07It was discovered, learned and passed down the generations.
19:13An eye out for your family and friends is an important part of their culture too.
19:28Instincts in animals generally are automatic, restrictive but reliable.
19:33But learning can be forgotten and concentration can lapse.
20:08I just didn't feel so nervous.
20:36What must a monkey guard feel when a youngster is lost on their watch?
21:11We can't know what they're thinking, but they behave in a way that we imagine we recognize.
21:21Another of the troop has been killed in a fight.
21:27He was the leader. It was a battle for control of the group.
21:34They are unusually silent as they gather around.
21:38The victorious new leader watches from the side.
21:42His injuries ignored. He does not interfere.
21:49Some who brought about the old leader's downfall are now tender and respectful.
22:03For many years, he had been an ally or a mate.
22:09He'd been a caring father to a whole generation of young.
22:12They are all in this world.
22:24They are in the city of New Jersey.
22:31He was busy and he would have been a part of the city of New Jersey.
22:32They are in the city of New Jersey.
22:32Over the city of New Jersey.
22:34The contestant of New Jersey is an interview with the New Jersey family.
22:35We'll get a québrile from New Jersey.
22:36We'll be in the city of New Jersey.
23:02As scientists trace human qualities and feelings further back in time,
23:08so modern monkeys seem less animal, more like rediscovered relatives.
23:16Many are very rare, like the golden lion, tamarind.
23:21There's so much to discover.
23:23Why does the white wakari in the Amazon think a red face a good sign?
23:31Or the golden snub-nosed monkey in China have blue eye shadow?
23:38Why does the emperor tamarind have a moustache?
23:42The weirdest may be the proboscis monkey in Borneo, with a nine-inch nose and a fermenting
23:49stomach like a cow.
23:53Perhaps the most beautiful is the duke monkey of Cambodia.
23:59Every monkey has its own different character and story.
24:10Howl-a-monkeys call to declare territory.
24:15Lions roar and nightingales sing for the same reason.
24:21Howlers have a silent duet too.
24:24It's a love song, though in us it would be considered a little rude.
24:53All animals instinctively pair together.
24:57But if monkeys are at all sensitive, if they can guess what another monkey may be thinking,
25:04if they have memories and make plans for the future, it must be surprisingly close to how
25:11the world we feel.
25:26They must be lonely when it speaks to the end of the day and my energies.
25:27You will have to be lonely as a potato baby.
25:30If Вы, you're alone, you're alone and you're alone.
25:43We give words to thoughts and feelings.
25:48Without words, is thinking even possible?
25:53The jungle, to us, may seem a cacophony of meaningless sounds.
26:06Each animal listens to its own calls and usually tunes out the rest, but some monkeys are multilingual.
26:23Gwynens live here and there are several species of them.
26:27Each has its own calls for communicating with other members of its troop.
26:36These Diana monkeys have joined an army of other Gwynens, a united nation of monkeys, and
26:42that requires them to understand each other.
26:48On the forest floor live sooty mancubes.
26:51They specialize in gathering fallen nuts.
26:55Above are red colobus, spot-nosed and putty-nosed Gwynens,
27:01black and white colobus, Campbell's Gwynens, and the Diana monkey, which live mainly in the
27:07upper canopy.
27:10These monkeys all behave as though they're one troop, moving through the forest together,
27:14resting together, resting together, and all looking out for predators.
27:21On the forest floor, the sooty mancubes can rely on the eyes and ears above and relax,
27:27thanks to the alliance.
27:31If a red colobus spots something, like a snake, it gives the red colobus alarm call for snake.
27:40A spot-nosed Gwynens reacts immediately.
27:43If a Diana monkey high in the trees sees an eagle, the alarm goes up, eagle, and all the
27:50monkeys look up.
27:51Each species has a different alarm call, but they all understand each other.
27:56With eight different monkeys and about 15 calls each, that's 120 different sounds.
28:04The mancubes see a leopard.
28:06All the other monkeys call leopard in their own way, but there are other calls in there
28:10too.
28:12Diana monkeys have been the most studied.
28:15Their ability to understand other species gives scientists a running translation of other
28:21monkey calls.
28:23If Diana monkeys hear a string of calls by a Campbell's Gwynens, say, they behave as if they
28:29were hearing a sentence.
28:30Some calls add detail, may be, or not urgent.
28:35With another Gwynen, if the sounds are in a different order, it means something else.
28:40Grammar, the basis of true language, was once thought of as uniquely human.
28:46Chimps have not yet been shown to have this ability in the wild.
28:50Only monkeys and people.
28:53Diana monkeys also have a voice box more like ours.
28:57So, alarm calls may be only a small part of their vocabulary.
29:03If talking is an ancient monkey ability, we should find something similar in other monkeys
29:09around the world.
29:11In forests from Africa to South America, scientists have found monkeys whose calls refer to predators.
29:19But do they ever use sounds for things when they can't see them, when they're just thinking
29:25about them?
29:30The white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica live by streams full of danger.
29:35They're nervous, maybe imagining death lurking under every log or pile of leaves.
29:41They, too, have put sounds to some of their fears, and have different calls for different
29:48predators.
29:51A call goes up, snake!
29:54The whole troop leaps out of the water and up into the trees.
30:00They soon calm down.
30:02Once noticed, most predators are of little danger.
30:07The warning system is built on trust and honesty.
30:11Yet, very occasionally, some monkeys deliberately shout an alarm call when there is no snake there.
30:18The reason for this deception lies in the fact that monkey society is very competitive.
30:25The leaders often take food from subordinates.
30:29The problem for a low-status monkey is not just finding food.
30:33It's hanging on to it, and sometimes they have to be a little crafty.
30:41Suppose a subordinate is acting a little strangely, watching the others closely.
30:50He then could, without any obvious panic, call snake, and everybody leaps out of the water.
31:02While the others are looking for snakes, he could sneak down and recover a fallen bird's
31:08egg he could have been hiding.
31:19The leaders slowly return to the pool.
31:22It seems that lying may be as old as language itself.
31:27If our little manipulator is spotted with his egg, he's in big trouble.
31:38This sort of deception has been noticed in several species.
31:43It shows they imagine things when they're not visible.
31:47And it implies that they're beginning to think about what each other may be thinking about.
31:55Millions of years ago, some monkeys reached this point
32:00and then took another huge leap into the unknown.
32:05They left the forest.
32:23Open grassland is a hard place in which to survive.
32:28Fruits and flowers are scarce.
32:30There's nowhere to escape and some very dangerous predators.
32:51Baboons have grown larger than forest monkeys and 80 or so baboons stick together for defense.
32:58They are wary and aggressive.
33:07The big males will often go on the attack.
33:11The big males will often go on the attack.
33:17The big males will often go on the attack.
33:47The young are helpless.
33:49Thus, most animals here run from birth.
33:53Gazelles and baboons feed together, both watching for predators.
34:00The baboons make do with tough plants, insects and grass mainly.
34:08The fawns assume the baboons are allies and don't realize that monkeys also eat meat.
34:15We have toage to destroy the house and don't happen here.
34:20We were able to show the land, not byagnapos, animals and andon, in a few meters,
34:27We sold!
34:32Teacher!
34:35Dr.
34:38W爱!
34:39Schweiale!
34:39When our ancestors left the trees, we changed too,
34:42and became more predatory and dangerous than the apes and monkeys we left behind in the forest.
34:53There's more to learn in larger and more volatile societies.
34:58All monkeys can be murderous, but baboons seem closer to violence,
35:03as though anger and frustration were just under the surface.
35:08The lower-ranking males find failing ambition very stressful
35:12and become neurotic, with high blood pressure and ulcers.
35:18High-ranking males are dictatorial bullies while their power lasts,
35:23but when deposed, become ill and have symptoms of depression.
35:31Baboon society shares many of our problems. We're psychologically similar.
35:37Of course, there are huge differences,
35:39but if you want to imagine your early ancestor on a hunt,
35:43think baboon.
35:44Have a good one.
35:50Bye-bye.
35:52Bye-bye.
36:02Bye-bye.
36:50A clever political mind is essential in large groups, so the cleverest monkeys should
36:57be found in the biggest troops, equivalent to our towns or cities.
37:05In the Simeon Mountains of Ethiopia live huge herds of geladas.
37:14Speeded up, they move like an army.
37:41Groups of mothers and their young, Ahara, gather together to form troops of up to 800 monkeys.
37:52Geladas' hands are usually busy plucking grass instead of grooming.
37:56So to keep in touch, geladas have become the chattiest of all monkeys.
38:03The gossipy banter can sound to scientists like sentences with words or even names for each other.
38:11Most agree it's often used to defuse tension.
38:19And in geladas, there's a lot to be tense about.
38:26There are gangs of young males trying to steal away the women from the family harems.
38:34Each handful of females is guarded by a single male, the harem master.
38:43The spare boys try and tempt the girls away, hoping the resident father figure doesn't notice.
38:54The males flash teeth at each other.
38:58They may fight, but it's usually just showing off in case the girls are watching them.
39:04There's a lot of flirting on both sides.
39:08And then, if an innocent-looking female is tempted to wander off past her guardian, he has to decide what
39:15to do.
39:17Girls mostly sneak off secretly for affairs.
39:21This is a blatant challenge to his authority.
39:27The illicit couple just sit.
39:30The suitor seems to be using his hand to hide his grimace.
39:34He probably doesn't want trouble.
39:37Chimps, baboons and macaques may also try to look innocent when they break the rules.
39:44This is a complicated social problem.
39:48Using your brain to control societies is called Machiavellian intelligence,
39:53after a 16th-century courtier who wrote on manipulating political power.
39:59Instead of launching into an attack, the politician here tries to grab a baby.
40:05Monkey etiquette dictates nobody attacks anyone holding a baby.
40:09So they're like living flak jackets.
40:12The mothers are worried and quickly scoop up the youngest.
40:18Here, the two males face each other.
40:21The family man backs towards one of his more loyal wives, calling for support.
40:28One of the youngsters suddenly switches from mother to father.
40:33This should calm things down.
40:36With the youngster attached, the father's protected and the harem should unite.
40:44But it can go wrong.
40:58The youngster is slipping off.
41:00The family are frantic.
41:06The harem master has no protection from attack.
41:17The bachelor is finally driven off with a little help from the mothers.
41:26But the fathers are meant to guard the precious young.
41:29He knows he's in all sorts of trouble.
41:32If the infant dies, the mothers may not support him again.
41:43Our brain, too, wrestles with our own similar problems.
41:48We are as social and as competitive.
42:00Intelligence sweeps in through monkey evolution to apes and us and leaves a chilling legacy.
42:10Becoming clever can mean being controlling, stressed, perhaps unhappy.
42:16The females are plotting, worrying for their young.
42:20He worries about other males stealing his girls.
42:24All of them are thinking about whom they can trust.
42:31Is this the pinnacle of monkey brain power?
42:35Monkeys also set us on a path towards cooperation, planning, tool-making and technology.
42:42The cleverest monkey, perhaps, took that path, too.
42:45The internet is open.
43:01Stone slabs have been found in the forests of Brazil that have been worn into hollows,
43:08apparently by prehistoric people using stone hammers.
43:20It turns out they were not made by humans at all.
43:26A bearded caputory monkey starts the processing of palm nuts
43:30by tapping them to see if they're ripe.
43:40There are only twenty or thirty monkeys in a group,
43:44with fewer social pressures.
43:47They are thinkers and doers, not chatterers.
43:52The ripest palm nuts are stripped of their outer case,
43:56ready to be dropped onto the ground to dry out,
43:59which will take about three days.
44:02Each stage seems very well coordinated,
44:05a routine in a monkey culture, choreographed to perfection.
44:11Tapping again tells the monkeys which ones are ready.
44:15INCIDENT B acho que te parece unidade de los celestes.
44:22Leiden de lao de lao de lao de lao fractional.
44:23Unidad de lao de lao de lao de lao de lao.
44:41HISTORIC DE LAO DE LAO DE LAO DE LAO DE LAO DE LAO DE LAO.
44:44The Neverland Guy begins the longest part,
44:45The next stage may take place at the other end of the valley, the nut-cracking site.
44:51The hammers are of a harder stone, brought up from the riverbeds by the monkeys.
44:57They're heavy, some as heavy as the monkey itself.
45:03Palm nuts are extremely hard and difficult to crack open.
45:07It only works if you get it exactly right.
45:18Somehow, these clever monkeys get amazingly good at it.
45:45The next stage of the mountain is the most important part of the mountain.
45:55Collecting a ripe nut has taken days of harvesting, testing, ripening, transportation, collecting tools and choosing sites.
46:05Not forgetting years of learning in the nut-cracking school.
46:17The year two class is still wrestling with the basics.
46:26The sounds echo through the forest.
46:34Jaguars know it's monkeys at work.
46:39The capuchins always select their sites carefully, preferably below the edge of the escarpment.
46:47But it's more than just an escape route.
47:08We are increasingly realizing we are not the only intelligent knife on the planet.
47:14See!
47:26Fire!
47:27Fire!
47:3140 million years ago, it seems, there were creatures with hands and eyes, who took great care of their babies
47:39because they took a long time to grow up.
47:43The story has ended up with us seeing ourselves in their faces.
47:51We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human isn't just human after all.
48:24We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human is human after all.
48:26We can be proud of the fact that what makes us human is human after all.