- 47 minutes ago
Historian Michael Wood takes an overview of the momentous history between the Jubilees of 1897 and 2012. During this period, the people of Britain went through two World Wars and saw their industries and their Empire shrink, transforming the country from the globe's greatest power to the world's first post-industrial society.
纵览了1897年与2012年两次禧年庆典期间发生的事件，这一时期见证了英国经历的巨大社会变革.
纵览了1897年与2012年两次禧年庆典期间发生的事件，这一时期见证了英国经历的巨大社会变革.
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TVTranscript
00:06In the story of the British people, we've reached the threshold of the modern age.
00:12Through civil war and revolution, the nations of Britain emerged in the 18th century with
00:19their own identities while part of a union that made them all Britons.
00:26Their tale is one of creativity, resilience and invention, and never more so than during
00:32the Industrial Revolution, when Britain became the workshop of the world.
00:41With their inherited skills and freedoms, the British became the world's first industrial nation.
00:48Pioneers in engineering, science and knowledge.
00:54They laid a path that others would follow.
00:59In the next chapter of the great British story, the origins of empire and the Industrial Revolution.
01:24Those who lived through the Industrial Revolution saw that it would reshape humanity.
01:30For some, that offered liberation.
01:33The poet Wordsworth marvelled how an inventive age had given birth, almost with the speed
01:39of magic, to a new and unforeseen creation, wielding her potent enginery to frame and to produce,
01:51with rests, with rests, with rests, with rests, not night, or day.
02:03Others, though, saw enslavement to the machine.
02:06The art of the Great Britain was in the Great Britain.
02:08The Queen was a famous poet in the Great Britain.
02:11There was a period in Ireland with cogs tyrannic, moving each other by compulsion, not in freedom.
02:17It was to be the issue of the age.
02:21In 1700, Britain was a small island off the edge of Europe, with less than 6 million people.
02:29nothing compared with the powerhouses of world history at that time
02:34Ming Dynasty China, Mughal India, the Ottomans
02:40but in the course of the 18th century
02:43Britain became the world's first industrial nation
02:46and acquired an empire which eventually became the greatest in world history
02:51and how it all happened is one of the greatest stories in history
03:01the industrial revolution didn't come out of the blue
03:04it was driven by deep social and economic forces
03:07working below the surface of society since the 13th century
03:12local industries meeting basic needs
03:15heat, tools, clothing
03:18but now accelerated by invention
03:20William Clarke came over from England 1736
03:25and started making linen right here at this very spot
03:32Beatling is where you hammer the cloth
03:33make it into a continuous cloth as opposed to a warp and weft
03:38that's before it's beatled only
03:40it's wet, it's run through a starch and it's wet
03:43as I keep putting it on, turning it every day
03:46it goes on until it comes to this stage
03:53Across Britain and Ireland
03:54traditional industries began to mechanise
03:58in the potteries, old manufacturers went into mass production
04:02for the growing middle and working classes
04:04who no longer wanted wood on their tables
04:10Almost everybody that you knew from this area worked in the pottery industry
04:16These specialised industries gave rise to new skills and new communities
04:24How long have you been doing this?
04:26This particular job, about 22, 23 years
04:36In the five towns of the potteries, they used local coal seams for the kilns
04:41but the fine china clay came from Cornwall
04:45Some of the most famous names in world pottery set up here
04:49Dalton, Wedgwood, Spode and Minton
04:55Founded in the 1780s, Dudson's are still thriving
05:01They also made high-end pottery
05:04Reflecting the growing international reach of British society
05:08Depicting the ideals as well as the tastes of the new age
05:12Tell us about this black wear here, Alison
05:15Well, this was originally fashionable in the 1770s
05:20But it had a renaissance in the 1870s
05:23when Queen Victoria went into mourning on the death of Prince Albert
05:27So the potters obviously responded with the black range of pottery
05:35In the black country, they'd been makers of chains, nails, needles and blades
05:40since the 14th century
05:42And now domestic production was organised on a new level
05:46through a huge network of cottage workshops
05:48with child labour
05:55I'm just going to knock this into the shape of a U now
05:57Hopefully
06:00This work was still all done by hand
06:07Do you know if it's hot enough to get out the fire and start getting in?
06:11Oi, oi
06:11You just watch the flames
06:13And it's like sparkly little bits
06:16Then when you bring it out, it's really fizzing
06:19And that's why you need to be standing back that far
06:21Because when I hit it, the sparks will fly
06:28In the 18th century, chains had many different uses
06:37And children this age would have made them
06:40Do you see what it was?
06:41Yeah
06:48One of the key factors in the Industrial Revolution was coal
06:54They'd mined it in Yorkshire and Durham since the Middle Ages
06:56And here in Gloucestershire, you can see another factor
06:59that helped the rise of industry
07:02Freedom
07:05These are the free miners of the Forest of Dean
07:10Nobody's ever been actually find the physical charter
07:15But the story is that Edward the First or the Second, depending on which book you read
07:20Gave us our rights right back in the 13th century or thereabouts
07:24And we obtained these rights by going to Berwick-on-Tweed and driving a tunnel underneath the walls of Berwick
07:31-on-Tweed
07:32And allowing the King to take the city
07:34And in his gratitude, he gave us the foresters the right to mine coal, iron and stone
07:41In the Forest of Dean forevermore
07:49The first night I went down, they dropped me down a shaft a hundred foot deep in a 40-gallon
07:54drum
07:54With two hooks in the side on a hand winch
07:57I was 13
08:02The Forest of Dean actually was built on the minerals that are under the ground
08:09Because at one time, there was nothing here
08:15It was just a hunting place for a priority, like, you know, there was nothing here at all
08:18A tremendous amount of wealth that come out of the ground
08:21And that is how all the villages and towns and that sprang up
08:24Because of what is underground
08:38Another key to the Industrial Revolution was Britain's mineral riches
08:43Copper, iron and tin from Cornwall
08:53Here at Levant Mine, these schoolchildren have come to see where their ancestors toiled deep below the seabed
09:02This shaft is about 2,000 foot deep
09:05And under the sea, there are 70 miles of tunnels
09:11Oh, well, I find gold in the cave
09:16So, Katie, you were saying that your nine worked in the mines, is that right?
09:20Yes, yes
09:20And how old is she now?
09:2294
09:22She's 94
09:26Where there's a mine or a hole in the ground
09:31That's where I've been in for
09:33South Crofty Mine was first dug in Tudor times
09:39Between the 18th century and the 20th
09:41Its vast caverns were expanded to two and a half miles across
09:45And 3,000 feet deep
09:49Oh, that is just epic, isn't it?
09:53Look at that
09:53So when was this dug out?
09:55Do you know, Chris?
09:57I guess it was starting at the end of the century
10:00Would this have been all hacked out by hand then?
10:03This, yes, this was all done by hand
10:07We talk about the Industrial Revolution
10:09As if it's something that happened rather swiftly
10:11From the late 1700s onwards
10:13But these techniques existed for centuries here in Cornwall
10:17And what you see here is the product of a slow percolation of history
10:22Of the endeavour of ordinary people working at a local level
10:26It's just astounding
10:32Where there's a mine or a hole in the ground
10:38That's where I'm heading for
10:41So the Industrial Revolution came out of a perfect convergence
10:45Of ideas and industry
10:47With a skilled and adaptable workforce
10:51Now we're always taught that the Industrial Revolution
10:54Was an English phenomenon
10:57Culbrookdale and Ironbridge and the Lancashire cotton mills
11:00And they were important
11:02But it all depends what you mean by origins
11:07As we've seen through this series
11:09Our industrialisation was really a long, slow progress over time
11:13They were working metals in the black country in Sheffield
11:17Back in the 13th century
11:20So if you're going to look for a catalyst
11:22For these great events in the early 18th century
11:26How about not looking in England
11:29But here in Wales
11:31This is Swansea Bay
11:33And they'd been smelting metals here
11:36Especially copper
11:37Since the 1600s
11:41It was out of these deeper roots
11:44That the great leap forward in history began
11:46From a long crystallisation
11:49New technologies would remake society
11:52Leading to the fateful transformation of humanity across the globe
11:56As Wordsworth had said
11:58At social industry's command
12:01How quick
12:02And how vast an increase
12:05And there was hope too
12:07To build Jerusalem
12:09In these dark, satanic mills
12:21It's a new birthplace
12:23For the Industrial Revolution
12:24Here in the world's first industrial nation
12:28Wales
12:32Originally, the copper works
12:34Were importing their ore from Cornwall
12:37In the late 18th century
12:39From North Wales as well
12:40From the mines on Anglesey
12:43But when those reserves ran out
12:45They turned their sights to Cuba
12:48To Chile
12:48To South Australia
12:49And shipped in huge cargoes of copper
12:54Some of the big uses of copper
12:56That made the industry take off
12:58First of all
12:58The Royal Navy
13:00Used copper for sheathing the hulls of ships
13:03To protect them from degradation
13:04When they were at sea for long voyages
13:07Shortly after that
13:09And the development of coinage
13:11And the use of copper in coinage
13:12The Birmingham manufacturers, Matthew Bolton
13:15Were producing coins
13:17And needed, you know, good supplies of copper
13:21Reliable supplies of copper
13:24So at its height
13:26The Swansea Valley
13:27Must have been an amazing sight
13:30It wouldn't have looked pretty
13:31I think we can safely say
13:32The coal industry, of course
13:34Was what made smelting so profitable
13:37In this area
13:37So the availability of large volumes of coal
13:41Near the surface
13:42That could be mined and used for smelting
13:44Copper smelting was closely followed by zinc works
13:48There was lead smelting
13:49There were iron foundries
13:50So where there was muck
13:52There literally was brass
13:53As we say in Lancashire
13:55Yes, and there was a fair bit of muck
13:56I think
13:57Or at least a fair bit of smoke
14:02As capitalism expanded
14:04It co-opted the world for its workforce
14:06And it didn't care how it got them
14:08The chains were both invisible and real
14:12And one link in the chain
14:14Was the biggest unspoken in British history
14:17Slavery
14:19In the 18th century
14:21Two-thirds of all British slaving ships
14:23Were registered here in Liverpool
14:27It was Liverpool
14:28That opened my eyes
14:29To the horror of slavery
14:32It was the most horrific period
14:34In the history of this country
14:44And you go down the list
14:45You know, and Harry was 55
14:46Well, that turns your stomach a bit
14:48Or Mary was 10 years old
14:49But when you get down to Grace
14:50It was just six months, you think
14:54It's important that we talk about Africans
14:57As Africans
14:58And not as slaves
15:00The people they kidnapped
15:01Were Africans
15:02And they kidnapped them
15:05In Conservative figures
15:0712 million people
15:0812 million
15:10If you think Liverpool
15:11Just by itself
15:12Conservative figures say that
15:14Liverpool merchants are responsible
15:16For one and a half million
15:17Of the three million slaves
15:18That were taken on British ships
15:20That made it
15:20That were able to be counted
15:22At the end of the voyages
15:26Liverpool is the classic
15:2818th century boomtar
15:32I think it's about putting in perspective
15:34What our history is
15:35And telling the truth about it
15:37You know, I think it's Martin Luther King
15:39Who said the truth will set us free
15:40And that's both for black
15:42And for white people
15:43So it's about putting the slave trade
15:46As one of the main events
15:48To help to shape
15:49During the period when we become
15:51The first world superpower
15:58Liverpool has to be
15:59The most splendid setting
16:01Of any British city
16:02But unlike others
16:04You know, London for example
16:05Or Glasgow, Newcastle
16:07Even Manchester
16:07Liverpool owed nothing
16:09To its medieval past
16:11It's really a creation
16:12Of the 18th century
16:13Of commerce in sugar
16:16Tobacco, textiles
16:18And of course slaves
16:19Liverpool is one of the wonders of Britain
16:23Wrote Daniel Defoe in 1715
16:25And what it may grow to in time
16:28I know not
16:40So Britain was also transformed
16:43By the expansion of empire
16:45Through the slave triangle
16:47Between Britain, Africa
16:48And the Americas
16:51But above all
16:52By India
16:56Here the Mughal empire
16:57Was in decline
16:58Once a world power
17:00With a quarter of the world's GDP
17:01In 1759
17:03They were defeated
17:04By a mercenary army
17:06Of Britain's East India Company
17:08The story of how
17:10A trading company
17:11Became the greatest empire
17:12That the world had ever seen
17:13Is long and full of strange twists and turns
17:18But the key thing to remember
17:20Is this
17:20The British
17:22Although a small nation
17:23Were a sea power
17:24And through the 17th century
17:26Established a series of bases
17:28Around the shores of India
17:32The key was here
17:33In the rich and populous lands
17:35Of Bengal
17:38The market they were after
17:40Was textiles
17:41And their chief factory
17:43Here by the banks
17:44Of the Hooghly River
17:45A tributary of the Ganges
17:46The little village
17:47Which would become
17:48The great city
17:49Of Calcutta
17:56I was born in the year 1757
17:58In Norwich
17:59In the county of Norfolk
18:00My father was a blacksmith
18:02But drawn by desire
18:03To see the world
18:04I enlisted with
18:04The Honourable East India Company
18:10My whole stock on board
18:11Was the jacket
18:12And the trousers I wore
18:13Plus half a guinea
18:14From the company
18:19India is a land
18:21Of thousands
18:21And thousands
18:22Of merchants
18:23And the abundance
18:24Of very curious
18:25And valuable manufacturers
18:26Is sufficient
18:28For the use
18:28Of the whole globe
18:33So the British people
18:35Began to spread
18:37Across the globe
18:38Sons of Cornish miners
18:40Scottish crofters
18:41And Norfolk blacksmiths
18:43Taking the risk
18:44The profit
18:45And the loss
18:48I'm exceedingly sorry
18:50To acquaint you
18:51Of my dear brother
18:52Patrick's death
18:52I cannot think
18:54Of informing
18:54My dear father
18:55And mother
18:56Good God
18:57What distresses
18:58Are accumulated
18:59On their heads
19:01Survive two monsoons
19:03They said
19:03And you had a chance
19:05Nothing can be
19:06More disagreeable
19:07Than the weather
19:08Here at present
19:09It is very hot
19:10There is scarcely
19:11A breath of air
19:12But we cannot expect
19:14A good breeze
19:14Until the monsoon changes
19:27So the British people
19:29Became part of a world
19:30System of commerce
19:31And industry
19:32A system of their own
19:34And devising
19:41Transport network
19:43To meet the challenge
19:46This was the great age
19:48Of canals
19:49Taking goods
19:50To and from
19:51The centres of manufacture
19:54The Leeds and Liverpool
19:55The Grand Union
19:57The Forth and Clyde
20:004,000 miles of canal
20:02Were created in the 18th century
20:04By private companies
20:06Going right into the hearts
20:08Of the new industrial cities
20:14The canal age engineers
20:16Also led to technological innovation
20:18Especially the steam engine
20:20Invented in England
20:22In the early 18th century
20:24And perfected by James Watt
20:27This is the oldest working
20:29Steam engine in the world
20:31It was put to work
20:33May 1779
20:35It was designed by James Watt
20:39Ordered from James Watt
20:41By the Birmingham Canal Company
20:43And used for recirculating water
20:46On the canals
20:47It is in engineering terms
20:50Maybe a little bit over design
20:52But it will survive
21:03What steam did
21:04Was to allow you
21:05To have your factory
21:06Convenient for your manufacture
21:08Convenient for your raw materials
21:10If there wasn't adequate
21:12Water power available
21:13It was a flexible source of power
21:21One of the heartlands
21:22Of the industrial revolution
21:23Was Birmingham
21:27A city of small workshops
21:29There were over 500 different
21:31Specialised trades and crafts here
21:33With an incredible range of skills
21:41Nowhere in Europe
21:42Or the Americas
21:43It was said
21:43Lacked some product
21:45Of the Birmingham manufacturing
21:50Here gathered some of the most brilliant people
21:53Of the time
21:53The Lunar Men
21:55Blending the inherited skills
21:57Of local craftsmen
21:58With a new imagination
22:02Pioneers in chemistry
22:03Engineering and medicine
22:04They were people
22:06With political and social ideals
22:07And scientific curiosity
22:13Led by Matthew Bolton
22:15The group cut across class
22:17A key factor
22:18In Britain's leap ahead
22:19Of the rest of the world
22:22The Lunar Society
22:24You met here at Soho House
22:27They would take on subjects
22:28Like philosophy
22:29Natural history
22:31Astronomy
22:32Physics
22:33Chemistry
22:33Medicine
22:35They were also designing things
22:37Inventing things
22:39And they began to take on philosophical questions
22:41As well around the dinner table
22:43So an astounding bunch
22:44Hard to summarise them easily really
22:46And coming up from the grassroots
22:48This is not given knowledge
22:50From the upper classes
22:52Is it
22:52This is coming out of
22:54Practical experience
22:56Manufacturing
22:57I mean Bolton had been on the shop floor
22:59Yeah absolutely
23:00The son of a manufacturer
23:02Not a baronet
23:06Joseph Precy was the son of a Yorkshire wool dyer
23:11Josiah Wedgwood was the twelfth child
23:13Of a master putter
23:16James Watt was born on Clydeside
23:18The son of a ship's chandler
23:20Erasmus Darwin was the son of a Nottinghamshire lawyer
23:23Matthew Bolton was the son of a Birmingham buckle maker
23:26And as Matthew Bolton said
23:29I sell here what the whole world desires
23:32Power
23:36And in the 18th century enlightenment
23:39Power
23:40Was knowledge
23:42Here in Armagh
23:43The public library was founded in 1771
23:46By an English clergyman
23:48As part of a plan to found a university here
23:53Hi Carol
23:54Just looking at your treasures here
23:56It's absolutely great
23:58Yes
23:58Beautiful addition isn't it
23:59The Bolton
24:00Isn't it
24:00Well I was keen for you to see this
24:02One of Robinson's own books
24:03Which he chose to donate to us
24:05And there you see his book plate
24:09Philosophical dictionary of Volta
24:10Yes
24:11In French
24:11And although he's a churchman
24:13The works of the great sceptic
24:16Exactly
24:16Isn't that great
24:18Many people think because he was a clergyman
24:21That this library must only have books on theology
24:23And I would always be very keen to explain
24:26It's a breadth of subjects
24:28Because of course it was to be a university library
24:31So Robinson was buying very very widely in his choice
24:34And he wanted there to be a second university
24:36In the island of Ireland
24:38So he chose Armagh
24:40It's astonishing to encounter
24:43Library from the 18th century
24:44School from the 18th century
24:46An observatory from the 18th century
24:49It's as if there's another story to Armagh
24:51Which isn't just St. Patrick isn't it
24:52This is the Enlightenment city
24:54Yes
24:54I love to think that he was looking at that
24:57And thinking let's build on that
24:58Yes there have been centuries go by
25:00Where there wasn't that sort of success
25:02But look what he was doing now
25:04In the 18th century
25:05And looking at the age of enlightenment
25:06All that was happening throughout Europe
25:09And I love the idea
25:10He didn't want Ireland to be left out of that
25:12And he didn't want Armagh to be left out of that
25:15So even though he was an Englishman
25:16I think he was great
25:25This is the Troughton Equatorial Telescope
25:28Manufactured in 1795
25:30Quite a small telescope by modern standards of course
25:35It's the oldest telescope in the UK
25:37Still in its original housing
25:39You can still see through it can't you
25:42That's the original lens at the other end then
25:44That's right yes
25:47The universe was literally opening up before their eyes
25:50Old certainties replaced by new questions
25:57Through newspapers, books and learned societies
26:00These ideas passed into mainstream British society
26:04Science, geology, evolution
26:07And through them reflections on the place of humanity itself in the cosmos
26:12And the very idea of universal human rights
26:16Josiah Wedgwood was in the anti-slavery movement
26:20Alongside black Britons like a lauda equiano
26:27But once technology drives social change there's no looking back
26:32If you could have travelled across Britain in the last years of the 18th century
26:36You would have seen the signs everywhere in every region
26:40Of the accelerating transformation of societies and cultures
26:44As a still predominantly agricultural population
26:48Became an industrial urbanised workforce
26:52A wage earning landless proletariat
26:56Nowhere was untouched
26:59From the booming industrial cities
27:01To traditional isolated rural communities
27:04In the farthest reaches of the British Isles
27:09Out in the Scottish Highlands
27:11After the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and 1745
27:15The rural poor went through a painful uprooting
27:19The Highland Clearances
27:25Recently the Scottish Rural History Project
27:27Has begun mapping villages depopulated
27:30In the 18th and 19th centuries
27:36The Highland Clearances were carried out by hereditary landowners
27:41People were driven out, their villages abandoned
27:43And their sites forgotten
27:48Gavin and myself went on a two-day training course
27:50And were taught how to do surveys using a plane table
27:54How to use a GPS photography
27:58And after that two-day course
28:00Then we just came back and started surveying
28:04Between 1700 and 1850
28:06A way of life lived here since pre-history
28:09Largely vanished
28:10I suddenly realised that the landscape is full of archaeology
28:14And we'd been walking here for years
28:16And we walked past this
28:20And it just looked like a lump of a hill
28:22But with that training
28:24We could see that it wasn't just a lump of a hill
28:26It was part of the history of the landscape
28:31What do you prefer?
28:32Part of my outfits
28:33You hold a pole or you're at the table here
28:36This township above Camus Cross
28:39Had 50 families, 300 people
28:41Who went in a few years in the 19th century
28:44To work in the pits and factories of Glasgow
28:47And in Australia and Canada
28:49Only the foundations are left below the bracken
28:54What the team are discovering
28:55Is the downside of the Industrial Revolution
28:59One of the countless rural communities
29:01Across the British Isles and Ireland
29:03That suffered a similar fate
29:07People who had lived the subsistence life
29:09Of our upland and island ancestors
29:11Since pre-history
29:16The one thing that there isn't here
29:18Quite often you find a midden out the front
29:20Okay, so we can do the doorway now
29:23There's a wall creating an enclosure
29:26For vegetables and stacking the corn
29:28Over there there's a little very small building
29:31That was either for storing hay or potatoes
29:35And then just over there
29:36There's what I reckon is a cattle fold
29:40They maybe had a boat
29:43You can see there's a good little bay just down there
29:46That's the first doorway is just here
29:48Right, so it's really far up the end
29:50And the walls are metre thick
29:52Right
29:53So inside
29:53Because it has two doors
29:55That would have had the animals in one end
29:57So it's not a big area for so many people
30:00I mean, what's the size of it?
30:02How many metres long?
30:0312
30:0412 metres by
30:0512 metres by
30:074 metres
30:08And half of that would have been occupied by cattle
30:11We found about 40 habitable
30:15Well, what would have been habitable buildings
30:17Here in Baravig and it's now completely empty
30:19This huge area that had 40 or 50 families living there
30:22Possibly
30:23Yeah, depopulated
30:24Completely empty
30:32So from the 18th century
30:34The story for the inhabitants of the highlands and islands
30:37Was emigration
30:38To industrial Scotland
30:40To Australia
30:41And to the Americas
30:52It's a song called
30:54One of the hundreds of songs that refer to emigration
31:03All these songs have got the same sort of feeling
31:06Deep sadness and separation from their people
31:10And from the land where they grew up
31:16But in this particular song
31:18He's saying that hopefully the wheel has turned now
31:22The landlords will be not tolerated
31:25If they don't play fairly with people
31:37And up here, migration is in everybody's family story
31:42Cathy McCaskill from Govan in Glasgow
31:45Has come back to Skye to pursue her own family journey
31:50Shipbuilders on the Clyde in more recent times
31:52Her ancestors were Gaelic speakers from Skye
32:00Cathy's come back here to trace the story
32:04It's a very remote area
32:07I'd imagine the winter
32:08It would be a bleak place to live in
32:11And then if they lived off the land
32:13They would be out in this all the time
32:21Looking at it from nowadays
32:24However bleak it seems to us
32:25This was where they were born and brought up
32:28So they'd have a more emotional pull to hear
32:32And they would have seen this in a different light
32:34Probably to what I see it in
32:46To understand these vast social changes
32:49The government undertook huge statistical inquiries
32:53Into the state of the poor
32:54The great thing about Scotland
32:56Is that they have something called the statistical account
32:59And the first one was produced in the 1790s
33:04Sir John Sinclair, he wrote to every single parish minister in Scotland
33:10And asked them to fill in a questionnaire
33:12160 questions
33:15So you can imagine what that would be like
33:16Landing on your desk
33:19Not good
33:19But even so he got over half of the parish ministers replying
33:24And this is the Brackadale
33:26Here Cathy's hoping to find her ancestors
33:29And he talks about the poverty of the people
33:32And how some hardly any clothes
33:35And they couldn't do this and they couldn't do that
33:37Because of their poverty
33:39Regarding their comforts as to clothing
33:41It may be sufficient to mention
33:43There were 140 families found in the parish
33:47Who had no change of night or day clothes
33:50From the above remarks as to food and clothing
33:54It must appear evident
33:55That the people are far from enjoying
33:58The ordinary comforts of society
33:59And if their complaints are not more loudly heard
34:03One great reason is that the system of farming
34:06Pursued has placed him in such absolute dependence
34:09On the tackman
34:10As to preclude any hope of amelioration
34:15He's writing this in something that's going to be published
34:17And he's really saying it quite strongly
34:20So he could lose his job
34:22He could perhaps
34:23So who owned the land?
34:25Who was the actual
34:26Well McLeod
34:27McLeod owned the land
34:28But it had been let out on a tack
34:32Which is a lease
34:33And that was McCaskill's was it?
34:35Yes
34:35It's the taxman doing the clearing
34:38As opposed to the landlord
34:39These taxmen decided that you could get more money
34:43For renting a farm to a single sheep farmer
34:46Rather than a group of crofters
34:50And so the area would be cleared
34:53Cathy's ancestor, it turned out
34:56Had worked as an agent of the landlords
34:58He cleared Carbust Beg for himself
35:02For the purpose of erecting a distillery in Carbust
35:06The same widow's daughter told me
35:08She saw her father's corn
35:10Shoveled out into the river
35:12When seeking a place for the distillery
35:19That can't come out my casket
35:20I hope not
35:23I hope not
35:29So the transforming powers of industry and capitalism
35:33reached the farthest corners of Britain
35:39In the 19th century
35:41In the last stages of their existence
35:43The old ways of life
35:44Were documented in reports and photographs
35:46In the same way that they recorded primitive tribes
35:50In the remotest parts of the world
35:53By then
35:54The British people and their way of life
35:56Had changed forever
36:03For several million people
36:05Through the Industrial Revolution
36:07The only way out was emigration
36:12Take the real life
36:13Downton in Wiltshire
36:16In the 1830s
36:18With rural employment collapsed
36:20The village hired a ship
36:22To cross the Atlantic
36:24So that the young and the poor
36:26Could settle in Canada
36:30Notice is hereby given
36:32That all fathers of families
36:34And all single persons
36:35Who wish to emigrate to Canada
36:37Are to attend a meeting tomorrow
36:39At three o'clock at the church
36:41For the purpose of securing their passage
36:49In August 1836
36:52The King William
36:53Took 279 people
36:56From Downton and its neighbours
36:58To a new life on the Great Lakes
37:00With help from the impoverished community
37:03That they left behind
37:07For the use of the poor
37:09About to emigrate from Downton Parish
37:1125 pairs of men's shoes to lace
37:1425 pairs of women's shoes
37:17100 girls' and boys' shoes
37:19From three years old to 15
37:28The Downton migration
37:30Came at a time of acute tension
37:32In the countryside
37:33The increasing mechanisation
37:35Of agriculture
37:36Had driven many of the traditional
37:38Rural workforce
37:39Out of work
37:40And off the land
37:47The enclosure of common fields everywhere
37:49Was depriving the poor of work
37:51And of their traditional share
37:54In the land
37:56In the Forest of Dean
37:57In Gloucestershire
37:58The resistance of the free miners
38:00To attacks on their rights
38:02Is still remembered today
38:04It wasn't like agricultural enclosure
38:06But actually these enclosures
38:09Were put up for the growth of trees
38:10So it's a slightly different story
38:12In Forest of Dean
38:13But it was happening
38:14All over the country at that time
38:18Their leader
38:19Was a miner called Warren James
38:25The whole bony contention
38:26Was that the crown said
38:27That after so many years
38:29The enclosures would be thrown open
38:30Because the trees would be above
38:32Where the animals could damage them
38:34Now despite various petitions
38:36To London and to Parliament
38:38They refused to reopen the enclosures
38:40And that was really where
38:41The trouble started
38:44Warren encouraged people then
38:45To take things into their own hands
38:47And to throw the enclosures down
38:49And fill in the ditches
38:50And that's where the 1831 rising stemmed from
39:00Warren James was a miner
39:02He's a free miner
39:03He would have worked in a pit
39:04Exactly the same as this
39:05And very similar in the way
39:06We work today
39:08Actually Warren ended up
39:10On the same trip
39:11As a lot of the swing royalties
39:13And Luddites
39:15That went out to Tasmania
39:17At the same time
39:18He was in the same boat
39:20So to speak
39:26In the 1830s
39:27There were rural riots
39:28Right across England
39:29Protesting against increased
39:31Mechanisation
39:32And unemployment
39:34These were the last
39:35Of the peasants' revolts
39:38In the south and the south west
39:39They were led by the legendary
39:42And fictitious
39:43Captain Swing
39:47In Swing's name
39:48The protesters issued
39:50Their letters and threats
39:51To the hated landowners
39:54Revenge for thee is on the wing
39:57From thy determined
39:58Captain Swing
40:01Sir
40:02Your name is down
40:04Amongst the black harps
40:05In the black book
40:06This is to advise you
40:08And the like of you
40:09To make your wills
40:11You have not yet done
40:13As you ought
40:24Faced with the threat
40:25Of starvation
40:26Or transportation
40:27The rural workforce's
40:29Only course
40:29Was to organise into unions
40:41And the most famous union
40:43In our history
40:44Was formed in Dorset
40:45In the 1830s
40:53The Toll Puddle Martyrs
40:55Still a landmark
40:56In British labour history
41:00Now during the Napoleon
41:01Wars the conditions
41:02Of the workforce
41:03In the countryside
41:04Had really declined
41:06Gravely
41:07With growing mechanisation
41:09Surplus labour
41:10And so on
41:11But with the lifting
41:12Of the laws
41:13Against assembly
41:14In 1825
41:15What we would call
41:16Trade union movement
41:19Was possible
41:20And in 1832
41:22Only two years
41:23After the great rising
41:24Of Captain Swing
41:25A group of six
41:27Dorset men
41:28Formed the friendly
41:29Society of agricultural
41:32Labourers
41:32To protest
41:33Against the decline
41:35In agricultural workers' wages
41:37Only six men
41:38But nobody could have guessed
41:41Where it would lead
41:54Convicted for forming a union
41:56The martyrs were transported
41:57To Tasmania
41:58But public outcry
42:00Saw them returned
42:01As heroes
42:10It's a reminder
42:11That the rights
42:12Of the British people
42:13Were not handed down
42:14From on high
42:15But won by the people
42:16Themselves
42:17At a cost
42:31I lay this wreath
42:32On behalf of the TUC
42:34And the trade unionists
42:35Of today
42:36Who continue to be inspired
42:38By the courage
42:39That was shown
42:40By James Hammett
42:41And the other
42:42Tollpuddle martyrs
42:43I lay this wreath
42:44On behalf of the rural
42:45And agricultural members
42:46Of Unite
42:47At a time when rural
42:49And agricultural workers
42:50Are under attack again
42:51I lay this wreath
42:54On behalf of the
42:55International Trade Union
42:56Confederation
42:57I lay this wreath
42:58On behalf of our youth
43:00And the future
43:01And for James Hammett's
43:03Descendants
43:04This history
43:05Is also
43:06A family affair
43:10In chains
43:13They can bind us
43:15And steal all our land
43:18They can mock our religion
43:21From our families
43:23Divide us
43:25But they can't break the oath
43:29Of a tall puddle man
43:33No they can't break the oath
43:38Of a tall puddle man
43:46I'll never forget the night
43:47That I found out
43:48I just kept repeating it
43:50Over and over
43:51I can't believe this
43:52I can't
43:53Phil look at this
43:54I can't believe this
43:55And did you know the story
43:56Of the tall puddle martyrs
43:57Before you ever knew
43:58About your connection
43:59No and it's quite shocking
44:00Because I was brought up
44:01In Dorset
44:02I went to school
44:03In Shaftesbury
44:05If it wasn't for the unions
44:07At that time
44:09He'd never have come home
44:11And we wouldn't be here
44:13So it really is that important
44:15For you
44:16Absolutely
44:25In the years after
44:27The Napoleonic Wars
44:28The British working class
44:30Had also begun to mobilise
44:32In the industrial cities
44:33For fair wages
44:35The franchise
44:36And even women's rights
44:40The key turning point
44:41Had come in 1819
44:43With an attack
44:44By an armed militia
44:45On a crowd of 60,000 people
44:48Demonstrating for workers' rights
44:50The Peterloo Massacre
44:53Inspired new forms
44:54Of social action
44:56Shake off your chains
44:58The poet Shelley said
44:59To the British people
45:00You are many
45:02And they are few
45:08And it happened
45:09In the shock city of the age
45:11Manchester
45:12The city was the phenomenon
45:14Of the age
45:15And famous writers
45:16And journalists
45:17And novelists
45:18Came here
45:19To see the future
45:20The world's first industrial city
45:23When the great French commentator
45:25Alexis de Tocqueville
45:26Came here in 1835
45:27He was just appalled
45:29By what he saw
45:30The sheer anarchy of it
45:31No sign of the directing hand
45:34Of society
45:34He said
45:36Here
45:37Modern civilisation
45:39Works its miracles
45:41And modern man
45:42Is turned back
45:43Into a savage
45:52Manchester just exploded
45:54As a centre of commerce
45:56All these people
45:58Flooding in from the countryside
45:59Over from Ireland
46:00Particularly
46:00When the potato famine
46:01Hit Ireland in the 1830s
46:03So they built
46:03World's first industrial suburbs
46:07And the most famous slum
46:09Of the industrial age
46:10Angel Meadow
46:12Is now being uncovered
46:13By the archaeologists
46:16These little workers' housing
46:19Back to back rows
46:20It could pack the housing
46:21In really tight
46:23These were dark
46:24Dingy places
46:25We can see clearly today
46:26Very damp
46:27No ventilation
46:29No light
46:30Each floor
46:31Was a separate
46:32Family unit
46:33So one family
46:34Would have the cellar
46:34A slightly better off family
46:36Would have the ground floor
46:37And another family
46:37Would have the first floor
46:38Well how did they have
46:39The toilets
46:40And the
46:41Toilets
46:42Was at those early stages
46:43There'd probably be one privy
46:45In a yard
46:46Shared between
46:47Five to ten houses
46:48Each with three families
46:50In each house
46:50So you'd probably have one toilet
46:52For about a hundred people
46:55The most famous account
46:56From the time
46:57Was written by
46:57Frederick Engels
46:58Who shone a powerful light
47:00On the ravages
47:01Of industrial capitalism
47:02Which attracted
47:04The greatest philosopher
47:05Of the age
47:05Karl Marx
47:10Engels
47:10Engels had already
47:11Brought out
47:12The condition
47:12Of the working class
47:14And Marx
47:15Came up
47:16To work with Engels
47:18The idea was
47:19That Engels
47:20Would support Marx
47:21He worked
47:22So that Marx
47:23Didn't have to
47:23And that Marx
47:24Could write
47:24Marx is really
47:26Just a
47:26You know
47:27He's an academic
47:27He gets his head down
47:28And that's all he does
47:29All day
47:29Driven intellectual
47:30Isn't he really
47:31Would Marx
47:32Have actually seen
47:33Things outside his window
47:35He would have had to
47:36Even just walking
47:37From here
47:38To the train station
47:39Or walking
47:39To wherever
47:40They were staying
47:41This was at the time
47:42Really one of the shock
47:44Areas of Manchester
47:45Along with
47:45Little Ireland
47:46Angel Meadow
47:47This is a shocking area
47:48Together they ploughed
47:50Through the great
47:51Government's
47:52Statistical inquiries
47:53Trying to understand
47:54The effect of the
47:55Capitalist system
47:56On humanity
47:58They look at society
48:00In detail
48:00And they amass
48:01Data as well
48:02And statistics
48:03Is perfect for them
48:10Engel's insights
48:11Came from his own
48:12Experience
48:13Walking the streets
48:14Of Manchester
48:29The lowest
48:30Most filthy
48:31Most unhealthy
48:33And most wicked
48:34Locality
48:34In Manchester
48:35Is called
48:36Angel Meadow
48:41If one wants to see
48:42In how little space
48:44A human being
48:45Can move
48:45How little air
48:47He can breathe
48:49It is only necessary
48:50To travel here
48:58This is where Engels
49:00This is where Engels came
49:00In 1844
49:01Led by his lover
49:03Mary Burns
49:04The Irish patriot
49:05Who was his guide
49:06The Virgil
49:07To his Dante
49:08Taking him on this journey
49:10Into the inferno
49:12The underworld
49:13Of the Victorian age
49:19Here in 30 squalid acres
49:22Here in 30 squalid acres
49:22Lived 30,000 poor workers
49:25From Britain
49:25Ireland
49:26And further afield
49:28Most people's ancestors
49:30Were in this immediate area
49:32Yes
49:32Absolutely right
49:34In 1830
49:35In 1830
49:37They came across from Ireland
49:39They were living in a cellar dwelling
49:41And they were still there on the 1851 census
49:461855
49:47From Germany
49:49And he was a musician
49:52Which seems a bit out of step
49:54With the area
49:55Really
49:56When they described it as
49:58The lowest of the low
49:59Lived here
50:00That's what Frederick Engels said
50:05The absolute poverty
50:07And the contrast
50:09Between obviously Britain
50:11Thriving as an industrial power
50:13On the backs and sweat
50:15Of its people
50:17It's quite upsetting really
50:26Engels was convinced
50:27Revolution was inevitable
50:29And would happen soon
50:32That the British working class
50:34As a whole
50:34Would rise up
50:35And overthrow the system
50:37Because it didn't happen
50:38And it didn't happen
50:40As Engels himself
50:42Later recognised
50:43Because the working class here
50:45Were able to gain a share
50:46A share
50:47Of the profits
50:49Of their labours
50:50And of the empire
50:55From the 1850s
50:57Victorian England
50:58Entered an incredible phase
51:00Of social progress
51:02That really made us
51:04What we are today
51:05And the key to it
51:06Was local government
51:08The mosaic on the floor
51:10Busy bees
51:12Symbol of Manchester
51:14It's just fabulous
51:16Isn't it
51:16Only 40 years
51:18After de Tocqueville's
51:19Terrifying vision
51:21Of the brutality
51:22And squalor
51:23Of the streets
51:24Of the town
51:24With no sign
51:26Of the guiding power
51:28Of society
51:28And now
51:30There's this
51:34Here was directing power
51:37Writ large
51:38Manchester Town Hall
51:40Is a cathedral
51:41Of civic order
51:42The industrial revolution
51:44May have caused
51:45Massive social problems
51:46But they were confident
51:48In their ability
51:49To solve them
51:52The city fathers
51:53The corporation
51:54Commissioned these paintings
51:55From a famous painter
51:56Of the day
51:57Ford Maddox Brown
51:58And they're a kind of
51:59Semi-mythical history
52:01Of Manchester
52:02The Romans
52:03The Anglo-Saxons
52:05The Vikings
52:07And then all the way
52:08Round through the civil war
52:10To the industrial age
52:16As the Manchester Guardian
52:18Said
52:18It's a visible reminder
52:20To all citizens
52:22Of the labours
52:23And the responsibilities
52:25Of the community
52:26To which they belong
52:32In the last decades
52:33Of the Victorian age
52:34The British people
52:36Saw tremendous social progress
52:38Through civic government
52:40And the machine
52:42Did indeed
52:42Become a source
52:43Of liberation
52:49With trains
52:50Even to take
52:51The workers
52:52On the great
52:53British summer holiday
53:00In a mere 50 years
53:02Education
53:02And health acts
53:03Raised the children
53:05Of the poor
53:06Of Angel Meadow
53:07Out of their poverty
53:16The workers
53:17In the mills
53:17And factories
53:18Though not yet
53:19With a boat
53:20At the ballot box
53:21Enjoyed better housing
53:22And sanitation
53:26The establishment
53:27Of police forces
53:29Removed the anarchy
53:30That Tocqueville
53:31Had seen in Manchester
53:40There was much
53:42To celebrate
53:44The opening of this
53:46Great town hall
53:47In 1877
53:49The key speech
53:51Was made by
53:51John Bright
53:52Famous
53:53Anti-corn law
53:55Agitator
53:56Free trader
53:58The Victorian's
54:00Achievements
54:00In local government
54:01He said
54:02Would be talked about
54:03In generations
54:04Indeed in centuries
54:07But he added a note
54:08Of caution
54:09He asked his audience
54:11Here
54:11To imagine a time
54:13In the future
54:14When this great building
54:15Was in ruins
54:19We must be aware
54:20He said
54:21And you can imagine it
54:23In his rich
54:24Rolling
54:25Rochdale hours
54:26But
54:27Great cities
54:29Have risen before
54:29In history
54:30Before Manchester
54:31And Liverpool
54:32The symbols of his age
54:34So we must
54:36Not for a moment
54:37Imagine
54:38That we stand
54:39Upon a foundation
54:40Which is
54:42Absolutely sure
54:43And absolutely
54:45Immoveable
54:49As Bright spoke
54:50There was a shadow
54:52On the horizon
54:53The world was already
54:55Catching up
54:55The new industrial powers
54:57Of the USA
54:58And Germany
54:59In the 1870s
55:01Came the first
55:01Great depression
55:02The first crisis
55:04Of capitalism
55:05And in Britain
55:07This triggered
55:08Another wave
55:09Of emigration
55:17Follow me down
55:19With all their skills
55:21The Cornish
55:22And the Irish
55:23The Welsh
55:23And the Ulster men
55:24Scots
55:25And English
55:26Had each created
55:27Their own empire
55:28Of labour
55:29Mining
55:29And engineering
55:30And now
55:32They began
55:33To migrate
55:33Once more
55:34As if it was
55:35A condition
55:36Of the British
55:36Story
55:37And our tongue
55:39Is no longer
55:40Spoken
55:42These towns
55:43All around
55:44I wanted to write
55:45About where I was
55:46From
55:51And there's
55:51Nothing bigger
55:52Than the emigration
55:53Of hundreds
55:53Of thousands
55:54Of people
55:58You worked
55:59Your passage
56:00Because in theory
56:01There were always
56:02Jobs for deep rock
56:03Miners all around
56:04The world
56:04And the Cornish
56:05Are extremely good
56:05At digging
56:06Very difficult mines
56:07Where there's a mine
56:09Or a hole
56:10In the ground
56:12That's where I'm headed
56:14It's true of Australia
56:16It's true of
56:17South America
56:18North America
56:19Wherever there is mining
56:20You will find Cornish people
56:21And I'm not coming by
56:24So follow me down
56:27Cousin Jack
56:28This is the album
56:30Of the Veal family
56:33A mining engineer
56:34Called Jarvis Veal
56:36And this is the album
56:37That he kept
56:38When he journeyed
56:39All over the world
56:40As a mining engineer
56:41He went to some
56:42Extraordinary places
56:43Here he is
56:44In South Africa
56:46God, that's Cecil Rhodes
56:48That is Cecil Rhodes
56:49Indeed it is
56:49We think this is
56:51Jarvis Veal here
56:52So they moved
56:53Some of them
56:54In high circles
56:55And then
56:56He goes off
56:57To Argentina
56:58This is in fact
56:59A little earlier
56:59This is 1888
57:00So he's
57:01He's a busy boy
57:02He goes
57:03Around the planet
57:04So David
57:05Have we got
57:05Any sense
57:06Of how many people
57:08Migrated from Cornwall
57:09In the 19th century
57:10Say up to the
57:11First World War
57:11It's quite a difficult
57:13Question to answer
57:14But you
57:14Can say that
57:16Several
57:17Teens of thousands
57:18Went
57:19The population
57:20Of Cornwall
57:20In 1861
57:22Was bigger
57:22Than 1961
57:27Since the 1700s
57:29The British people
57:29Had lived through
57:30An adventure
57:31Unparalleled
57:32In history
57:33They'd made their country
57:34The workshop of the world
57:36And for good or ill
57:37Created a great empire
57:38And I love the way it starts
57:40Because it says
57:41Out on the ocean
57:42Deep sailing
57:42He spells sailing
57:43C-E-A-L-I-N-G
57:47This morning
57:48Me and a Welch chap
57:49Was up on deck
57:50Walking about
57:51And forgot the breakfast
57:53Until it was too late
57:54About ten in the morning
57:56We had preaching
57:57Along with an English chap
57:58Called Burrus
57:59From Quench Well
58:00Which was another
58:01Cornish village
58:03Resilient
58:04Inventive
58:04Adaptable
58:05They'd made
58:06Our modern world
58:11The doctor
58:12And the captain
58:12Could
58:14Force them
58:15To dance
58:16Every night
58:19But little
58:21Did they know
58:21What lay in store
58:23For them
58:23In the 20th century
58:26Somewhere
58:28Over the rainbow
58:31Blue and star
58:37And the dreams
58:41That you dreamed of
58:43Dreams really do
58:45Come true
58:50Someday I wish
58:53On a star
58:54Wake up
58:55When the clouds
58:56Are behind
59:00Wake up
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