- 33 minutes ago
From ants to beavers, some of nature’s smallest creatures are the smartest builders. Travel the world to uncover the secrets behind animal-made structures built to survive, impress, and protect. Learn about the art of animal nest construction, from orangutans weaving secure beds high in the forest, to intricate bird nest building with grass and twigs. Journey into the world of insect homes where caterpillars spin protective silk cocoons, ants engineer sprawling colonies, and caddisflies craft underwater cases.
在这部全景式自然纪录片中，探索动物居所的非凡世界，领略大自然中那些顶尖“建筑师”的风采。从树梢上巧夺天工的建筑到错综复杂的地下隧道，见证动物如何建造独特的栖身之所，以实现自我保护、繁育后代及生存繁衍。深入水下，探访海狸筑坝这一动物界最宏伟的建筑工程，目睹其如何重塑整个生态系统。此外，本片还将揭示蜘蛛、软体动物和珊瑚虫等生物的独特筑巢策略，展现地球上动物建筑形式的惊人多样性。
在这部全景式自然纪录片中，探索动物居所的非凡世界，领略大自然中那些顶尖“建筑师”的风采。从树梢上巧夺天工的建筑到错综复杂的地下隧道，见证动物如何建造独特的栖身之所，以实现自我保护、繁育后代及生存繁衍。深入水下，探访海狸筑坝这一动物界最宏伟的建筑工程，目睹其如何重塑整个生态系统。此外，本片还将揭示蜘蛛、软体动物和珊瑚虫等生物的独特筑巢策略，展现地球上动物建筑形式的惊人多样性。
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TVTranscript
00:00.
00:13Animals build homes out of sight, safe and warm.
00:19Some are skilled craftsmen with an eye for interior decoration.
00:25Others are squatters or burglars.
00:30There are extraordinary constructions keeping out the wilder wildlife.
00:36Look into an animal's home and reveal the very heart of their lives.
00:48Most of us are indoor creatures.
00:52Houses have ended our wild days.
00:57Yet we forget that animals build many more houses than we do.
01:03And they've been doing it for much longer.
01:07We think we alone invented building materials.
01:12But animals have done so as well.
01:17Scaled up to our size, termite mounds would be over a kilometer high.
01:25Animals have an eye for beauty.
01:28And so do we.
01:32Our homes reveal a lot about us.
01:36But this is the animal's story.
01:41In North America lives probably the most ambitious animal builder in the world.
01:53A kilometer or so of river is taken over by a single family of beavers.
02:00Dams flood the landscape creating ponds and canals that can cover several hectares.
02:08At the center is their lodge.
02:11A defensive moat surrounds a sturdy castle made of serious building materials.
02:24A beaver can gnaw through a tree in an hour or two.
02:29He often stops halfway and lets the wind do the rest.
02:34His teeth are reinforced with iron, which turns them orange.
02:44The teeth wear down a millimeter a day, but grow ten times faster than our fingernails.
02:53Even meter lengths are too heavy to drag over land,
02:56but by flooding the area the beavers can easily move the logs.
03:02Each dam needs about 50 tons and can be hundreds of meters long.
03:08Mud is used to seal any leaks.
03:12Everything has to be ready for winter.
03:28Of the beaver's rural community, most have left or are hidden housebound at this time of the year.
03:37The only sign is a ripple of heat from a chimney identifying the beaver's lodge.
03:46Inside, special cameras reveal new young, born early thanks to the protection of meter thick walls sealed with mud and
03:55straw.
03:56It's been minus 20 outside and still didn't freeze in here.
04:02The chimney is open as now it gets too hot.
04:09The only way in and out is to swim underwater.
04:13But that doesn't discourage a muskrat.
04:19Voles, mice and insects also find refuge here.
04:25The lodge has lodges.
04:30We never saw the landlords object to the muskrat,
04:33which is more than can be said for the cameras, which they soon censored.
04:47Outside, the itinerant and the homeless must wish they were somewhere safe and warm.
05:17It's the only way to try and keep the outside out.
05:24Prairie dogs live in an underground colony called a dog town, which can stretch over
05:32the horizon.
05:36The town is divided into coteries, extended families living behind a volcano-shaped front
05:42door with a quarter of a hectare of manicured lawn to provide food.
05:56Prairie dogs themselves may seem like fat vegetarian meerkats, but they're actually squirrels
06:04that bark and they don't like visitors.
06:12There's a father in charge, several wives, and different generations of youngsters.
06:20Each family rarely goes beyond their garden boundaries, and they all work together on
06:25their house.
06:26Time is spent on home improvements and household chores.
06:35The raised entrances are watchtowers, but are also chimneys and draw air through the burrows.
06:43The lower level holes are fresh air intakes.
06:49Inside each family home may be 30 metres of tunnelling with many different rooms.
06:57There are sleeping chambers where they spend most of the winter.
07:01Some even have an adjacent lavatory room.
07:04There are storage rooms, anti-flooding features, and escape hatches.
07:09It's warm in winter and cool in summer.
07:13It's an estate agent's dream.
07:21The pups, at a few days old, are tiny, bald, and blind.
07:26Their mother will stay with them in a special nursery, feeding them and sorting out bedding.
07:33Even at birth, prairie dogs are clearly builders with shovel-shaped heads, cylindrical bodies,
07:39and digger's claws.
07:47With so many corridors, it's possible that one might lead by mistake into a neighbour's house.
07:53And the neighbours could be burrowing owls.
07:58In the dark, the startled owls give a good impersonation of a rattlesnake.
08:21The owls have young, too, hatched in an abandoned part of the prairie dog burrow.
08:28They are, in effect, harmless squatters.
08:34The dog town is full of freeloaders.
08:39Hares and snakes find homes in this mixed neighbourhood.
08:44Dangerous characters like black-footed ferrets and swift foxes live in old burrows.
08:52Overall, wildlife increases wherever animals build homes, whether the builders like it or
08:58not.
09:07Maybe, as a response, prairie dogs have a community police service.
09:13Family members take turns watching out for predators.
09:25A prairie dog calls eagle.
09:30Families for up to a kilometre run for cover.
09:33The whole neighbourhood benefits.
09:41The prairie dogs even have different calls for different predators.
09:46Coyote sends them down their burrows.
09:49But calling badger needs a different response, as badgers can dig.
09:54So the dogs watch them nervously from the surface.
10:00Their calls may include information on size, direction and speed, even colour.
10:05It's one of the most sophisticated animal languages ever studied.
10:09And has arisen in response to the predators that are drawn to animal houses.
10:17Living close to your neighbour can provide some protection.
10:21But the problem is, it can also attract more predators.
10:31Southern carmine bee-eaters catch the eye of a hungry fish eagle.
10:48Predators have a major influence on how houses are built.
10:53Here, along the Luangua River in Africa, sandy cliffs are one of the few places
10:58out of reach of eagles, lizards and monkeys.
11:05A bee-eater pair takes turns digging the burrow with their beaks and feet.
11:20The centre of the colony is safer from predators than the edge.
11:24So the birds nest closely together in the middle.
11:28The result is evenly spaced lines of townhouses.
11:33But the denser the colony, the more attention it gets.
11:41The bee-eaters unite, screaming at the intruder.
11:48Noisy neighbours are a lifesaver.
12:00On every continent, animals converge to build homes together.
12:08A quarter of a million Socotra cormorants arrive on desert islands off Arabia
12:14to build simple mounds in the sand away from predators.
12:18Some debris is favoured for the nest, other bits rejected.
12:26The bird next door tries to steal from the collection.
12:44The chicks, when they hatch, must be protected from the neighbour's lethal beaks.
12:51So nests are built just out of pecking range.
12:59They end up building near-perfect geometric plots in their thousands.
13:18But the greatest animal houses in the world are caves.
13:29The day shift is returning.
13:33Cave swiftlets navigate into dark caverns by echolocation,
13:37like a bat, almost the only birds to do so.
13:41They make powerful clicks and listen to the sound bouncing off the walls.
13:59Male swiftlets choose tiny high-rise ledges, maybe a hundred metres above the cavern floor.
14:06They share the space with specialist spiders and unique cave centipedes.
14:13The best ledges have to be fought for,
14:16and a male battles over real estate in the pitch blackness.
14:23Swallows and martins normally use mud, but the swiftlets make their own walls.
14:29It's a sort of gluey saliva which they attach to the rock and build up layer by layer,
14:34making a tiny egg cup.
14:36It can be weeks of painstaking work.
14:51The saliva hardens into surely one of the most extraordinary animal houses in the world,
14:56a crystal chalice.
15:08The nests become as crowded as closely packed apartments.
15:13Woven in feathers darken the nests,
15:16but single white eggs glow in the lights.
15:25For generations, this cave has been one of the safest homes.
15:30That is, until a new predator found it.
15:39Men are here to collect a culinary delicacy for the famous bird's nest soup.
15:49The saliva is full of proteins and minerals,
15:52but apparently the nests don't taste of anything.
15:58The little homes are worth thousands of dollars a kilo.
16:02The legal trade alone in bird's nest soup is worth about half a billion dollars.
16:10Inevitably, wild cave swiftlets are in decline.
16:21Saliva is an extraordinary building material,
16:24but perhaps the most remarkable of all is silk.
16:37The coiled threads of protein are famously strong and light,
16:43which is why other animals steal them.
16:49A bronzy hermit hummingbird in Central America collects cobwebs.
16:58With the silk threads, she weaves a pocket anchored under a leaf.
17:03The leaf keeps out the rein and prying eyes.
17:07Camouflage is all the defense she needs.
17:20A lethal trap has become a different sort of home.
17:24A cradle.
17:27Baby hummingbirds grow up suspended in silk and fed on nectar.
17:42The second-hand web can carry the young and the parent birds,
17:47though it was originally made only to catch a fly.
17:55Even ordinary building materials can be transformed by the skill of the builder.
18:02A female red-rumped cacique in South America ties palm-leaf strands into loops and knots.
18:23The mother chiasics choose the nest site, build and bicker over space.
18:34The architectural blueprint is instinctive,
18:37but she adapts and refines the basic plan and her skill improves with practice.
18:44The foundations are made first, then a loop, the entrance to the nest.
18:51The door is extended into a tube, like a sock about 40 cm long.
18:58After up to three weeks' work, a nest is finished at the bottom.
19:05You can't leave your handiwork for long,
19:08or your older and cannier neighbours try and pull it apart and steal your building material.
19:26The final nest is this shape because there are egg thieves.
19:34This is a toko toucan.
19:36The nest tube must be long enough so that predators can't see the chicks or reach the bottom.
19:42Over the generations, caciques have extended their nests to keep the young safe.
19:53The toucan is trying an attack through the side of the nest.
20:00They have an unlikely ally.
20:04Caciques often nest near bees and wasps.
20:16The chicks are safe, though the nest seems to have acquired a new window.
20:24It looks like the parent may have to get materials for repair work.
20:34Building supplies are so important to some animals that in places the materials themselves have taken on a particular significance.
20:45Flightless cormorants build their nests from seaweed.
20:48On the shores of the Galapagos Islands, there isn't much else.
21:01It seems this is as much about their relationship as building the nest.
21:07They're like newlyweds, cooing over paint swatches.
21:16Colour is important and texture, and the females seem to weigh up each gift.
21:24Occasional exotic offerings a living sea urchin or a new shade of seaweed are brought to the nest and sometimes
21:33rejected.
21:34A gift that walks away is of no use.
21:41And size certainly doesn't impress her.
21:50The drying seaweed means more to the cormorants than mere construction materials.
21:58A nest becomes a special place.
22:01To be defended from curious visitors.
22:07And a perfect home for the eggs.
22:11We don't know exactly what they think or feel, but some scientists believe the effort seems to draw them closer
22:18together.
22:32The chick benefits from the parents' commitment to making the perfect home.
22:41The ultimate example of an animal that builds a palace to win round a mate can be found in the
22:47forests of New Guinea.
23:01This metre-wide woven wigwam is a seduction pad and is all about show.
23:10Carefully arranged flowers and fruits are placed in piles on manicured moss.
23:16Smaller treasures are towards the back to make the bower seem bigger.
23:20A trick human interior designers also use.
23:32Yet the male Vogelkopf bowerbird himself is modest, even drab.
23:41It may take many years to become a proficient enough house builder to reach this stage.
23:48If he sees a twig out of place, he'll push it in or remove it.
24:00His architectural eye is unique.
24:03His rival neighbours each have different colour schemes or floor designs or decorations.
24:09This particular male is going through a red phase.
24:22The flowers are changed regularly and the berries must be perfectly arranged, even the right way up.
24:31The floor is a challenge. Roots grow through the moss and have to be tackled.
24:37What he can't remove, he sweeps under the carpet.
24:59A rival male is singing.
25:04He must respond.
25:07We see perhaps now why the bower is the shape it is.
25:11It's a concert platform and the arch may help project his voice.
25:21He ends with a little dance.
25:25The audience has arrived.
25:28She seems interested, but he has disappeared.
25:32It's crucial in bowerbird courtship that he remains hidden.
25:37His house has to coax her in.
25:49Only when she's brought to a state of ecstasy over his decor does he dash out and try to mate.
26:01It's not entirely successful.
26:04Maybe she wasn't ready for his appearance.
26:07Or maybe his flowers or his floor weren't up to scratch.
26:12It's most frustrating.
26:24Perhaps he will tempt her back and maybe next time the bower will be looking at its best.
26:35Home decoration can occasionally be about more than impressing the perfect partner.
26:44The burrowing owls in Prairie Dog Town have a strange take on suitable suburban decor.
26:52Their landlords, the Prairie Dogs, would not approve of this innovation.
26:57What burrowing owls like is what the buffalo leave behind.
27:04They collect dung.
27:10The owl places the dung carefully around his front door.
27:17The burrowing owl chicks don't seem impressed by the collection of poop on the stoop.
27:25This is not how most wise animals treat their own doorsteps.
27:43In fact, this extraordinary bit of decoration is a trap for beetles, particularly dung beetles.
27:52The beetles find dung by smell.
27:56It is, to them, building material and food rolled into one.
28:06Tons of dung are trundled away.
28:10The dung ball, with an egg inside, is buried.
28:14A warm and delicious home, at least for a dung beetle larva.
28:21Birds and mammals almost never turn their homes into traps, as spiders do.
28:26Human beings and burrowing owls are said to be the only examples.
28:34A chick takes some dung down the burrow.
28:41Maybe it's learning the connection with food.
28:44It's a step in the right direction.
28:48The owl mother doesn't agree and turns it into a lesson on housework.
29:05Home's a hard work, and there's a lot for young animals to learn.
29:10Homemaking requires a sense of place, as well as working out how to get along in a community.
29:18The trap seems to have worked.
29:38Food is always critical, so many animal builders put a larder at the heart of their homes.
29:47The beaver's system of canals and ponds is a massive coal store.
29:57Beavers eat bark and leaves, and stocking the larder is a job that takes months.
30:05The beavers wedge the branches down in the mud.
30:12Even stored underwater, a potential burglar spots the stockpile.
30:24But the moose is soon told that this store is private property.
30:33A few tail slaps, and the intruder gets the message.
30:49A house is of little use if there's no food.
30:54Winter in outer Mongolia would be hard for a hamster without a well-stocked storeroom.
31:04Down the burrow, there are several rooms.
31:08In the bedroom, the young are kept warm in straw and fed by their mother.
31:19Next door is the larder.
31:22All autumn, they gathered seeds in their cheek pouches and brought them down here.
31:28Thanks to the seeds staying safe and dry, the hamsters can start a family while it's still barren outside.
31:37Our own earliest buildings may have been grain stores.
31:41Protecting food for winter enables house builders to move into colder areas where the homeless could never survive.
31:54Some homes go a stage further.
31:57They have a living larder.
32:05A mole's network of dark passages can be extended at up to two metres an hour and provide the mole's
32:13food.
32:21Earthworms burrow through the walls by accident, and the star-nosed mole has special worm-detecting feelers on its nose.
32:33This housebound animal has a curious reputation as the fastest eater on record.
32:39An earthworm can disappear in a quarter of a second.
32:46Not everyone can build a house where your food literally drops in for dinner, and not everyone likes earthworms.
32:57In China, bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants.
33:02But I have heard of it occasionally growing back into the ground.
33:23Under the bamboo is half a kilometer of tunneling.
33:30Built over several years by bamboo rats.
33:46The tunnels follow the roots, which run along the ceiling like service pipes.
33:52She checks the bamboo by smell.
33:55If the roots put out a new shoot, she can sense the fresh growth, and when it's the right length,
34:01she harvests it.
34:04The house has become a farm.
34:15She has the same iron-coated teeth as the beavers.
34:20Both are rodents, which are the vast majority of mammal house builders.
34:27Her young have never been out.
34:29She's blocked the exits.
34:32The outside world might as well not exist.
34:41The little ones seem determined to explore, but may get lost in the network of tunnels.
34:46So she literally drags them around the labyrinth of her underground bamboo farm.
35:03American beavers build canals to carry trees, and Chinese bamboo rats harvest bamboo underground.
35:11But in South America, another animal takes the idea of a home farm a stage further.
35:19The other animals are still out of the field near the field.
35:20The boat is still alive.
35:36Only people use the water to gather.
35:36It's still possible.
35:39The dead man but the body is still alive.
35:40The place is still alive.
35:42The sea is still alive.
35:47The mountains are still alive.
35:47Leaf and grass-cutter ants take about 10% of the forest's growth underground
35:53to fungus farms.
35:56The white fungus grows on the chopped-up leaves
35:59and is pretty much all that the ants eat.
36:03The fungus farm generates heat and carbon dioxide.
36:07Pipes lead to a large mound above the ground.
36:11The chimneys are like the raised prairie dog burrows,
36:14drawing the air through the nest.
36:18Nobody knew how big grass-cutter ant cities were,
36:23so scientists poured a liquid cement into an old nest.
36:31Once the concrete was set, they dug away the earth
36:34to reveal an extraordinary secret city.
36:43These are subterranean highways connecting the main chambers
36:47with side roads to fungus farms, huge rubbish pits, and temperature-controlled nurseries.
37:01This is one house for 12 million inhabitants.
37:06That's more than London or New York.
37:10On our scale, it's over a kilometre deep and eight kilometres across.
37:23The social insects are nature's finest architects.
37:33These three-metre-high termite mounds all point north to south.
37:43In the morning and evening, they face the sun and are warmed,
37:47but at noon, they're sideways on and so don't overheat.
37:53Our large buildings could follow this simple trick.
37:58However, this is not the whole story.
38:02Half the year, this is a swamp,
38:04and the sail-like shape and larger surface areas are perfect
38:08for keeping the colony dry as well as warm.
38:17Most termites avoid overheating by descending into lower levels
38:22during the hotter part of the day.
38:24But these termites have found an architectural solution to the problem.
38:38Finding an egg a thousand times your size in your house
38:42must be puzzling, terrifying when it starts to hatch.
38:51The gigantic aliens are lace-monitor lizards.
38:59Their exit is closed.
39:01The termites repaired the hole in the wall
39:04the monitor mother made to lay her eggs.
39:07They're trapped.
39:30It seems almost incredible that their mother would return to release them.
39:40These lizards could not have chosen a better nursery,
39:43protected from predators and incubated at the perfect temperature.
39:56The termites must repair the mound.
39:59They use mud and mortar out of their back end.
40:06The walls are essential to stay within half a degree centigrade of 30,
40:10whatever the weather outside.
40:16Far from the tropics, insects have resorted to central heating.
40:21In a hollow tree, a Japanese giant hornet starts to build a city
40:26with cavity walls and electric radiators.
40:31The queen first makes a few compartments.
40:35An egg in each hatches into a lava.
40:37It spins a silk cocoon for itself that has extraordinary properties.
40:43The silk is like a thermostatic electric blanket.
40:47It stores heat as electrical charge,
40:51which automatically turns back into heat if the nest cools.
40:58Her daughters pupate and emerge.
41:01They are the first battalion of builders.
41:04They add additional floors suspended in the middle.
41:09Supporting columns are molded.
41:12They build with chewed-up wood pulp, the same material as paper.
41:21As more of the queen's larvae hatch,
41:24they start demanding food, banging and scraping their heads on the walls.
41:33The workers collect insects and mash them into a paste for the larvae.
41:46The outside walls are extended downwards
41:49with up to eight layers of cavity insulation and built-in flues and ducts.
41:55Like the termites, a few simple instructions may come together
41:58to build a surprisingly complex design.
42:02Scientists call this an emergent property.
42:05And what emerges after four months is a hornet's nest almost a metre tall.
42:22If it's cold, the nest is heated by the larvae and their silk blankets.
42:28But on hot days, cooling air is fanned in.
42:33This nest is held within two degrees of 30.
42:37The colony behaves as much like a warm-blooded animal as a house.
42:47This is the first time of the queen's nest.
42:47Towards autumn, the queen turns to producing new queens for next year.
42:54She and all her workers will soon die here, exhausted and now expendable.
43:00The city will crumble too and can never be reused.
43:05In the final days of her life, the queen ensured that a few larvae were fed
43:10and fresh queen hornets emerge.
43:15Each faces a winter of hibernation,
43:18and in spring starts building a brand new edifice 40,000 times her size.
43:27For every home, there's a time to move on.
43:44There is one animal in the rainforests that builds the most extraordinary city of all.
43:52Army ants kill almost everything they can and carry it all back to their home.
43:59Their house is a living building entirely made of ants called a bivouac.
44:07The legs carry the weight of the whole nest.
44:19Big cities have big problems.
44:22The ants generate so much waste that they need a rubbish tip.
44:27The carcasses of dead insects and old cocoons are taken out of the city to the dump.
44:34The colony sits in a sea of municipal waste and all the surrounding food has gone.
44:43So they unhook themselves at night and set off.
44:49Pupi and larvae are carried and the queen is protected behind a cavalcade of soldiers.
45:05A new site is chosen and living ropes become columns.
45:10They seem to build around a frame, but since every site is different,
45:14the design is never identical.
45:20The frame is filled in with walls to create corridors and rooms all made of ants.
45:27The new neighbourhood will be stripped of prey in a few days.
45:33If the ants couldn't move their city, they'd quickly eat themselves into extinction.
45:43All houses face the same dilemma.
45:47The beavers have felled hundreds of tons of wood.
45:51After four or five years, there's nothing left but bushes.
45:55The ponds have silted up and without logs for repair, things start to fall apart.
46:10The beavers make do for a while on shrubs like willow herbs,
46:14but even these they eat faster than can grow back.
46:21As their lake shrinks, they will abandon their home.
46:28Almost all homes become unsustainable eventually.
46:34The rivers are littered with empty lodges and broken dams.
46:41Every construction is an attempt to tame nature,
46:45and nature will always win in the end.
46:50Things are even tougher for prairie dogs.
46:54In summer, the land dries.
46:57The cattle and buffalo can move, but the dog towns can't,
47:01and the families have nowhere else to go.
47:06The owl family can all fly now.
47:09They can come and go.
47:12The prairie dogs eat the remaining grass until their neighborhood becomes a dust bowl.
47:23They face starvation.
47:29The young are a few months old, and now the colony turns against them.
47:34Neighbors start to hunt down cubs.
47:37Even cousins and aunts turn nasty.
47:41In a dry year, up to half of the young are killed.
47:58Stuck underground, out of sight, their home becomes a prison, a tomb.
48:10You can't rely on one place for long.
48:14The restless and the hungry follow the seasons in great migrations.
48:34The world is constantly changing.
48:39And even the wisest animals struggle to keep up.
48:56These are the homeless of the earth.
49:01And until recently, we were among them.
49:07So how did we become the greatest homemaker of all?
49:13Our closest animal relatives are still homeless, unable even to keep out of the rain.
49:21Apes and monkeys don't make shelters, though a gorilla's hands and brain are easily up to the job.
49:30The priority for these mountain gorillas is to find fresh food so they keep moving.
49:37A house would only tie them down.
49:43The signs of nobility, however, are here.
49:47An improvised roof is better than none, while it lasts.
49:56Our ape cousins build beds or even platforms woven from branches.
50:00But they never sit under them like a roof.
50:04Our ancient ancestors were not homemakers.
50:07We may have little instinct for how to avoid the problems that houses bring.
50:16Salvation does come in the end for the few remaining hostages inside their houses.
50:33In autumn, the rains replenish the land, and in spring, the grass grows back.
50:48The prairie dogs have done no permanent damage.
50:52They help the grassland over the years by mowing and fertilizing their gardens.
51:02The neighborhood returns to normal.
51:13The beavers have started a new life several kilometers downstream.
51:19They've found ponds built generations ago, overgrown and abandoned.
51:26The trees here have regenerated.
51:31The beavers have repaired the dams and reopened the canals.
51:38Animals like beavers and prairie dogs and army ants have learned hard lessons
51:43about how to build a home life that will last, that is sustainable.
51:48It's a lesson for us, of course, too, from animal homemakers.
52:21It's a lesson for us, of course.