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00:02History is not an exact science. It is never set in stone.
00:16As time passes, knowledge of the past is refined and evolves.
00:28But, by definition, existing ideas have thick skins and are hard to shift.
00:50To understand the realities of the world, you sometimes have to shake them up and decipher
00:56the facts by looking at them another way.
01:15Posterity has made the Vietnam War an American war.
01:22And yet...
01:37February 25th, 1954. Ho Chi Minh, the communist leader, about to inspect his troops.
01:52For close to nine years, he has been fighting to free his country from French colonial rule.
01:59A country riven by a fault line, which pushed some of his compatriots to fight against his ideology.
02:14But between a young Vietnamese subsidiary soldier in the French army and a young soldier from the Viet Minh army,
02:20only the uniform differed.
02:25The wounded shared the same pain, and the dead the same soil.
02:34Their fratricidal struggle had only just begun.
02:58Three months later, the communists triumphed at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
03:06Humiliated, France was forced to leave the territory after 80 years of domination.
03:13Finally free, the victors rejoiced.
03:18But the ideological divides remained.
03:22During the Cold War, in a world cut in two, the Geneva Accords established the division of Vietnam
03:29into two distinct entities on either side of the 17th parallel.
03:36The North passed under communist control, while a pro-Western regime, supported by the USA, settled in the South.
03:47Two antagonistic states faced each other, and the population had 300 days to choose its side.
04:01Frightened by the severity of the coming regime, the North experienced a real exodus.
04:13Catholics, soldiers loyal to France, and anti-communists of all stripes, left their native land.
04:22Propaganda did the rest.
04:33Almost one million reached the South, leaving behind most of their possessions.
04:40The waves of these would-be exiles made the news.
04:51The evacuation of Northern Vietnam is progressing within the terms of the Geneva Armistice Agreement.
04:57These refugees are passing through a checkpoint at Haiphong before boarding the French ship Esperance.
05:02A very suitable name for this vessel with its promise of a more hopeful future for these unhappy people.
05:12One of the desperate castaways confided,
05:17I have never forgotten our last sight of Hanoi, the city we loved so much.
05:24My friends and I had tears in our eyes.
05:37In the South, the uprooted arrived in a territory in the throes of chaos.
05:46Entire regions were under the control of powerful religious sects,
05:51whose paramilitary factions flourished during the war against the French.
06:03Entrenched in their strongholds, their leaders refused to submit to the new state.
06:11Worse, their demonstrations multiplied and reached the heart of the capital.
06:18The crisis, which was found in Saigon, behind the high barrages by the sects at the port of the city,
06:23burst abruptly by the deadly incidents,
06:25putting the government army aside and the men of the sect Bingsu-Yen.
06:46One man would put an end to these clashes.
06:50Ngo Dinh Diem, Prime Minister of South Vietnam.
06:55In the name of national unity, he engaged in a ruthless campaign to quell the rebellion.
07:11On November 26, 1955, after a bloody victory, Ngo Dinh Diem proclaimed himself president.
07:29At the same time, in North Vietnam, the roar at the end of the fighting gave way to a completely
07:35different score.
07:38Looking like an ascetic old sage, President Ho Chi Minh established a totalitarian regime based on the Chinese model.
07:50The Red Order was spreading.
07:54On the menu, single party and personality cult.
08:00Very quickly, cities were brought to heel.
08:04Starting with Hanoi, suspected of being infected with traitors.
08:08It had to be purified of its germs.
08:13Arrests of real or presumed troublemakers struck the population.
08:19An inhabitant of the northern capital summed up the situation.
08:25There are not many families left who don't have a loved one in prison.
08:28Like a contagious disease, fear is spreading everywhere.
08:37And this purge did not spare the countryside.
08:47Under the pretext of redistributing the land, an agrarian reform eliminated anyone considered a landowner.
09:00A farmer revisited this social purge.
09:06This estate belonged to Madame Nguyen Thi Nam, a patriot who had helped the communists.
09:12Both her sons were officers.
09:14One was even a political commissioner.
09:15Yet it was concluded that she was a landowner.
09:20Madame Nguyen was sentenced to death and executed.
09:26During these summary executions, close to 15,000 Vietnamese were executed by other Vietnamese.
09:34As in China, denunciation wreaked havoc.
09:38Kangaroo courts and self-criticism sessions smashed all dissent.
09:44Under the tutelary figure of the father of the nation.
09:52In the other half of Vietnam, President Ngo Dinh Diem also left his mark, aided by a large number of
09:59portraits.
10:02Behind a facade of democracy, the prisons were full, public opinion muzzled, and the press censored.
10:11Elections were a farce. Thousands of opponents were secretly executed.
10:19A refugee proclaimed his disappointment.
10:23The people here do not have a better life than in the north.
10:27The constitution is used to disguise a dictatorship.
10:30We have no freedom.
10:31And our independence is subordinated to the United States.
10:37A police regime reigned supreme, supported by its main backer, the USA.
10:47This was proven by the warm welcome President Eisenhower reserved for his protégé.
10:57Or the arrival of the Archbishop of New York in Saigon, bringing his blessing to the strongman of the country.
11:07A fervent Catholic, Diem had a visceral hatred of communists.
11:12Since the execution of his elder brother and his nephew by the Viet Minh, he had vowed to eradicate them.
11:21On either side of the 17th parallel, two authoritarian regimes were imposing their intransigence on the population.
11:31A counter-revolution was responding to a revolution.
11:36All it lacked was a spark to ignite the powder.
11:50The Geneva Accords had provided for a referendum to decide on the reunification of the Vietnamese territory.
11:56However, President Diem did not intend to proceed with these elections.
12:03In his eyes, South Vietnam had to remain independent.
12:09Catholics, pillars of the regime, brought him their unfailing support.
12:24Deprived of this vote, the North retaliated.
12:27If reunification couldn't be achieved through the ballot box, it would be via weapons.
12:34Everyone was encouraged to take part.
12:38To free their brothers from oppression, a vast operation to infiltrate the South was set up.
12:47Driven by a patriotic fervour, many volunteers would join the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam.
12:56Before undertaking their mission, recruits were subjected to a harsh test.
13:02Urged to make sacrifices, many would pay a high price for their commitment.
13:13One of these young patriots admitted,
13:17Dying in battle, we never questioned this ideal.
13:21But we didn't realize that our superiors were unconcerned about our place in history.
13:30A complex network of paths for vehicles was created to discreetly transport these combat units.
13:41The legendary Ho Chi Minh Trail winds like an umbilical cord through jungle and mountains.
13:53Gradually, thousands of men, tons of weapons, ammunition and equipment,
13:58would thus be directed southwards to supply a formidable guerrilla.
14:08First, it spread in the countryside.
14:12Hamlets loyal to the Southern regime were torched.
14:20To stem these incursions into his territory, Ngo Din Diem mobilized his army.
14:27Close to 170,000 men.
14:31Equipped from head to toe by the United States.
14:38US instructors took charge of the troops' training.
14:48Soon, clashes between the south and those then referred to as the Viet Cong, multiplied.
15:04Caught in the crossfire, a farmer testified.
15:11If the soldiers from the south were elephants trampling our villages,
15:16the Viet Cong were snakes who would come at us in the night.
15:23An old Vietnamese adage states that war has no regard for the most humble,
15:28nor for family or friends.
15:32that would turn out to be brutally true.
15:38For a time in the early 1960s,
15:41all dialogue between those in the north and their hostile brethren in the south was broken.
15:49Since the division, a weighty silence had fallen on the hearts of families
15:53who hid their grief with dignity.
15:56You are from which region?
15:59I am from the Hanoi.
16:01You are from the north of Vietnam?
16:02Yes, that's right.
16:04You have a family there?
16:05Yes.
16:06I have a family in Vietnam.
16:08And how did you manage to join your two families?
16:12No, it's impossible.
16:14And you have never been able to see them?
16:16No, since five years.
16:24Meanwhile in Saigon, the intolerance and brutality of the regime were gradually undermining its foundations.
16:35President Diem's unpopularity fell under the spotlight.
16:41Students launched a protest movement.
16:49In the countryside, Viet Cong attacks increasingly mobilized the national army.
17:05The United States was concerned about the escalation of guerrilla fighting.
17:10Kennedy feared that the communist threat would set the whole of Asia ablaze.
17:17Hoping to contain this surge, Washington tripled the number of military advisers on the ground.
17:27However, nothing could stop the relentless machinery of turmoil in Saigon.
17:34It was now the turn of the Buddhists to invade the streets of the capital.
17:40The majority in the country, they denounced the pro-Catholic favoritism of the government and proclaimed their discontent.
17:53A ferocious repression fell upon them.
18:04As a sign of protest, the venerable Quang Duc set himself on fire.
18:09The image shocked the public imagination.
18:12As much as the intervention of Madame Nou, President Diem's sister-in-law, who commented on the event.
18:18The only thing they have done, they have barbecued one of their monks, whom they have intoxicated, whom they have
18:29abused the confidence.
18:31An irony revealing the blindness of the regime, which this time failed to put a stop to the uprising.
18:39With the Pagodas' revolt, the crisis dragged on, leading to more suicides.
18:48The situation irritated the US.
18:54Regular army generals then incited a coup d'etat.
18:59CIA and military advisers were taken into their confidence.
19:05With Washington's backing, the conspirators took action.
19:15On November the 1st, 1963, at the end of mass, Ngo Din Diem and his brother Ngo Din Nou, his
19:22faithful advisor, were assassinated.
19:27Their troops, who had remained loyal, were arrested and imprisoned.
19:33Rid of the dictator, people rejoiced.
19:36The headquarters of the presidential party was ransacked, and its propaganda fuelled multiple fires.
19:48However, despite the assassination of the president, the fracture of the population remained.
19:56Confrontations between Buddhists and Catholics turned into riots.
20:00While a fiercely nationalist opposition denounced the interference of the United States in the country's affairs.
20:10Deaf to these complaints, the military seized power.
20:21South Vietnam was plunged into chaos.
20:30In Hanoi, on the other hand, the regime held its course.
20:36Communism reigned supreme.
20:38And reunification of the territory remained its leader's obsession.
20:49The Ho Chi Minh Trail had become a real highway.
20:53Day and night, it was traversed by an uninterrupted stream of fighters.
21:05As they progressed south, hundreds of villagers rallied to the cause, often willingly, sometimes through force.
21:20A doctor lamented,
21:22Families were torn apart.
21:24One brother could fight for the north, another for the south.
21:28They could kill each other.
21:40No matter how hard the southern army tried, its men wore themselves out, trying to flush out an elusive enemy,
21:49that attacked by surprise.
21:53Then disappeared into the jungle, after sowing its share of desolation.
22:05The United States was alarmed.
22:07Their rampart against communist invasion was cracking.
22:11The time had come for Washington to take things in hand.
22:16In the summer of 1964, the opportunity finally presented itself.
22:21My fellow Americans, renewed hostile actions against United States ships on the high seas in the Gulf of Tonkin have
22:31today required me to order the military forces of the United States to take action in reply.
22:39President Johnson, Kennedy's successor, used the pretext of a North Vietnamese pseudo-attack against one of its destroyers to fly
22:48to the aid of its South Vietnamese ally.
22:52On March 8, 1965, an initial contingent of 3,500 marines landed on Da Nang Beach.
23:03The arrival of the mighty United States shifted the perception of what was until then only a conflict between Vietnamese.
23:12A proxy war began.
23:15And the Americans played a starring role.
23:20To track the Viet Cong who swarmed through the southern territory, the U.S. Army sent in its ground troops.
23:30And against the North, which supplied the Viet Cong, a vast bombing campaign was launched.
23:41In three years, Operation Rolling Thunder dropped as many bombs as had fallen on Europe during the Second World War.
23:51All kinds of devices, napalm, fragmentation, phosphorus.
23:57In addition, some 80 million litres of Asian orange and other defoliants were used.
24:03Hundreds of hectares of forest disappeared to deprive the enemy of any refuge.
24:10In vain.
24:31Far from folding under the firepower, the northern leaders profited from the war of massive destruction.
24:42Ho Chi Minh embodied David in the fight against Goliath.
24:47He became the voice of a people and its fierce determination.
24:52The Americans who believe that the North would have conquered the war in the South,
25:02This war will never end.
25:05Because our war is the patriotic war.
25:09It's just a war.
25:11And we decided to fight for, for five years, ten years, or more than ten years.
25:19That we will not win.
25:20And we will win.
25:20And we will lose.
25:20Number 40 years and more.
25:21He was not in a war.
25:21And, unfortunately, all the weapons were still going down from the North,
25:21By the end of 1966, close to 200,000 GIs were committed alongside South Vietnam.
25:30Three years later, it was almost half a million.
25:34500,000 men mired in a national conflict whose stakes had been gradually diluted.
25:52At the same time, 320,000 Chinese soldiers came to support their communist brothers in the north.
26:00In particular, for air defence.
26:08However, behind the presence of these foreign players, the main protagonists remained Vietnamese.
26:19Drawn into a war where the boundary between male and female was blurring,
26:24women made an unrecognised and largely underestimated contribution.
26:32In the north, their mobilisation was total.
26:36Hundreds of thousands of them answered the call of recruitment campaigns.
26:46Hailed as heroic patriots, they would face anguish, hunger, cold, as well as violence and enemy fire.
26:55One of their comrades testified to their involvement.
27:00They were as tough as seasoned old stagers.
27:03They'd shout orders and carry their weapons like the Saigon girls wore their jewellery.
27:11Very young girls, most often of peasant origin, were integrated into the shock youth battalions.
27:19Assigned in particular to maintaining the Ho Chi Minh Trail,
27:22they would go through the conflict with nothing but an ideal,
27:25shovels and pickaxes as their only baggage.
27:31Others, assigned to industrial production,
27:33would leave their homes to fill the ranks of the defence militias.
27:42In the south, too, women bore the burden of war.
27:49While some signed up for the female corps of the armed forces,
27:54others, in order to survive, joined the militia.
27:58One of them confessed,
28:00It was the rapes that made me see the true face of this war.
28:05I felt that to defend my life and the lives of my family,
28:09I had no choice but to join the other women in the fight.
28:15Similarly, teenage girls recruited by the Viet Cong would go deep into the jungle,
28:20ready for any fight.
28:24Others refused to choose sides.
28:28But like their sisters,
28:30bore the stigmata of a civil war that did not speak its name.
28:34My heart is always Vietnamian.
28:36I am very, very proud of being Vietnamian.
28:38I would like this country to become a free and free country,
28:43and that there is a struggle in the way to make a end to this war.
28:48Because when we look at the dead,
28:50it is always jaune, it is always Vietnamian.
28:55I am very, very proud of being Vietnamian.
28:59I am very proud of being Vietnamian.
28:59I am very proud of being Vietnamian.
28:59I am very proud of being Vietnamian.
29:06Early 1968, Saigon, unlike most cities in the south,
29:11remained unscathed by the fighting that ravaged the rest of the country.
29:16But this respite would not last.
29:19For Hanoi, the prolonged guerrilla strategy had had its death.
29:23It was the first day.
29:24To win a decisive victory, a general insurrection was required.
29:33All resistance movements were mobilized for the occasion.
29:39January 31, 1968,
29:41as the Vietnamese were preparing to celebrate the Lunar New Year,
29:46the Tet Offensive was launched.
29:50More than 50 cities in the south
29:52were targeted.
29:5580,000 fighters left their hiding places in the jungle,
29:58looking to trigger a popular uprising.
30:05Armed with black lists of officers and officials,
30:08they were ordered to eliminate all traitors
30:11and crush as many enemies as possible.
30:16Three days later, the city of Hue was taken
30:19and treated to a revolutionary purge.
30:26Faced by an intimate enemy,
30:28often a close friend or family,
30:31thousands of civilians were executed.
30:38A survivor recalled,
30:41there was Duan, who had studied at the same school as me.
30:45She had suddenly returned to Hue with a gun,
30:48enthusiastic about finding such and such a person
30:51and shooting them dead.
31:00The response was led by the South Vietnamese Army
31:04and supported by the Americans.
31:22after 24 days of fierce fighting,
31:25the former imperial capital was transformed into a field of ruins.
31:32The Viet Cong were wiped out.
31:39In Saigon, the U.S. Embassy was high on the Communist Force's target list.
31:46Reputed to be impregnable,
31:48the building was stormed by a suicide squad of 19 fighters.
31:58There were clashes at every crossroads.
32:09It took several days for the National Army
32:11to regain control of the capital.
32:16Street by street.
32:22Street by street.
32:25Street by street.
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37:12Prisiones were sometimes from one side, and sometimes from the other.
37:17But all were Vietnamese.
37:22Sometimes the barbarity of these clashes led to tragedy.
37:28Such was the case with the bombing of Trang Bang,
37:32perpetrated not by the Americans, but by the South Vietnamese.
37:38On June the 8th, 1972, one of their aircraft unloaded its cargo of napalm over its target.
37:46Purported to be a hideout for Viet Cong fighters,
37:49the targeted temple housed civilians, and among them, children.
37:57The iconic image of this nine-year-old girl running naked,
38:01wracked with pain and alone,
38:03embodies the full dimension of the Vietnamese tragedy.
38:15January the 27th, 1973.
38:19After years of negotiations,
38:20France invited all belligerents to put an end to this lawless conflict.
38:2615h56, moment historic,
38:33The United States ended their involvement in this war.
38:37A war carried out without ever being formally declared.
38:43The two hostile brothers, meanwhile, agreed to a ceasefire.
38:47However, peace would be long in coming.
38:58With the country no more than a mass of shapeless roads,
39:02a magma of tears and blood,
39:06nothing could overcome North Vietnam's determination
39:08to continue the fight with its neighbour until reunification.
39:16Fan Bandong's declaration was unambiguous.
39:21The combat that we have carried out for years continues.
39:29In December 1974,
39:32an army of 100,000 foot soldiers set off for Saigon.
39:37The campaign, baptised Ho Chi Minh in memory of the leader
39:40who died five years before,
39:42was carried out with great speed.
40:00The communists' troops progressed in leaps and bounds.
40:12In Da Nang, panic seized the inhabitants.
40:16They stormed the port in the hope of finding a ship
40:19that would reach Saigon.
40:31Thousands drowned offshore in makeshift crafts.
40:40At the airport, they swarmed over the last aircraft.
41:05On March the 29th, 1975,
41:08the fall of the city sounded the death knell
41:10of the South Vietnamese regime.
41:22The roads were filled with hordes of families
41:24still fleeing south
41:26in the mad hope of finding refuge there.
41:33The national army was in disarray.
41:45Nothing could stop the triumphant march of the communists to the capital.
41:51One month later, Saigon was in meltdown.
41:59The roadblocks designed to channel the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees provoked harrowing scenes.
42:09The perimeter of the U.S. embassy was overrun by those desperate to leave the country.
42:15A few lucky souls were evacuated by helicopter.
42:18Among them, President Van Thieu.
42:30But for most, Saigon was turned into a dead end.
42:38Southern army soldiers had already ditched their uniforms and got lost in the crowd, hoping to save their skins.
42:57Finally, the North Vietnamese vanguard entered Saigon.
43:14On April the 30th, 1975, just before noon, the first communist soldiers occupied the presidential palace.
43:23General Van Min, last representative of a dying power tendered its surrender.
43:38As a denial of the civil war, with the guns finally silent,
43:42a colonel from the north declared,
43:45Our victory is the victory of the entire Vietnamese people.
43:49Only the American invaders have been defeated.
43:58A pragmatic Saigon quickly adopted the colours of the victors.
44:04An officer wrote with humour,
44:08Before 1975, it was dangerous in the north to admit that one had relatives in the south.
44:14After April 1975, the trend in the south was to recognise their family in the north.
44:25In the north, the north had been destroyed by the north.
44:25Overnight, the traces of the past disappeared.
44:30This was not enough for the northerners,
44:32who wanted to make their mark by naming the city after their spiritual father.
44:38Dear comrades and compatriots,
44:40the revolutionary revolutionary government has liberated Saigon,
44:44and now our city is called Okimin.
44:51July the 2nd, 1976.
44:53The dreams of Hanoi's old guard had come true.
44:58Ho Chi Minh was no more, but his will had been fulfilled.
45:01Vietnam was now a free country, independent and reunited.
45:10But the path to unity began with ideological unification.
45:22The Communists had not quite finished with their former adversaries.
45:32Considered traitors, henchmen of American imperialism, soldiers from the southern army,
45:38civil servants, religious figures and intellectuals suffered the violence of political re-education.
45:48Nearly 150 so-called rehabilitation centres were set up throughout the country.
45:57The Prime Minister Pham Van Dong explained their philosophy.
46:02We thought that a policy made by generosity and clemency would be the best solution.
46:10We thought to do everything to offer to these people,
46:15who, at the end, remain the Vietnamese Vietnamese people.
46:22The chance, the prise of conscience of the new situation that was created with the victory,
46:30the re-education of the peace and the re-education of the new lives,
46:34the best and best for everyone, including them.
46:39Vietnam! Vietnam! Vietnam! Vietnam!
46:45The propaganda images showed attentive pupils paying attention to the socialist lessons being taught to them.
46:53In reality, national reconciliation took a punitive form.
47:00Locked up in forced labour camps,
47:03and in forced labour camps,
47:03these men and women experienced hunger, sickness, ill-treatment and torture.
47:13Among the thousands of deported South Vietnamese,
47:16many would spend up to 15 years in these morbid anti-chambers,
47:20those that did not die there.
47:25others were moved to new economic zones.
47:33This was a euphemism used to designate desolate lands,
47:37most often devoid of any infrastructure.
47:41There they would learn the life of the peasant,
47:44wielding spades in mine-infested fields of cassava.
47:55To the communist leaders,
47:57yesterday's enemies remained enemies.
48:02Deprived of civil rights,
48:04such discrimination also applied to their children.
48:09Her father shared his dismay.
48:12I cannot accept that my daughter cannot go to university.
48:16She's condemned to live like a murderer's child,
48:19with shame written on her forehead.
48:30This vindictiveness also struck the mothers, sisters and wives of the vanquished.
48:36The contempt and mistrust shown to them made their lives impossible.
48:41Many shut themselves away in internal exile.
48:44One of them confessed.
48:47It is terrible to live in the world of silence, with every action, every step.
48:53I was on a field riddled with mines.
48:56Sometimes I no longer dared breathe for fear of myself.
49:00I didn't want to hear my heart beating.
49:10As for those called the dust of life,
49:13street children born with American blood in their veins,
49:17their mother's native land would be denied to them all of their lives.
49:21Often abandoned at birth, as shame was too overwhelming for those who,
49:26in the eyes of the victors, had betrayed the nation,
49:28they had to learn to live with their differences.
49:37Downgraded, stigmatised and repressed,
49:40thousands of families chose exile.
49:47Having experienced the split between North and South, the fracture was perpetuated worldwide.
49:56Between 1975 and 1985, close to 800,000 Vietnamese managed to leave their country
50:04by sea, risking their lives.
50:09Half a million others fled over land to end up in grim refugee camps in Thailand.
50:16In all, over 1.3 million Vietnamese abandoned their homeland.
50:24And though the fratricide finally ended, it was only for lack of fighters.
50:32In 1995, President Clinton announced the normalisation of relations between Hanoi and Washington.
50:41Many saw this as the end of a conflict that pitted the US giant against the Vietnamese minnow.
50:48It is true that for years, Hollywood, through its planetary blockbusters, always pitched the war as an American war.
50:59An interpretation the Vietnamese leaders were able to use to their advantage.
51:07By basing its legitimacy on the rhetoric of a just war, fought for freedom and independence,
51:14Hanoi largely contributed to obscuring the reality of a civil war that pitted Vietnamese against Vietnamese.
51:28But the power of myths often outweighs the logic of reason.
52:10an ouarly means that the cristian largely dropped from an internationally belated,
52:15The history of Vietnamese has made friends with no other disturbing others.
52:15Because of history