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🏔️🌍 Avalancha en el Himalaya revela cambios del planeta con teledetección
🚀🛰️ Así son los fragmentos del escudo térmico de Artemis I
🏔️🌍 Avalancha en el Himalaya revela cambios del planeta con teledetección
🚀🛰️ Así son los fragmentos del escudo térmico de Artemis I
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00:04Hola, soy Ana Cristina Olvera y les doy la bienvenida a este nuevo episodio de Iberoamérica
00:10en órbita, el lugar donde exploramos el fascinante mundo de la ciencia y la tecnología espacial
00:14que está transformando nuestro futuro. Este programa es posible gracias a la colaboración
00:19y las plataformas de nuestros socios de ATI. En este capítulo de Iberoamérica en órbita
00:25veremos cómo la tecnología espacial ayuda a observar y proteger nuestro planeta, desde
00:30el monitoreo del agua con los satélites Landsat hasta el estudio de fenómenos extremos. Además
00:36conoceremos de cerca los materiales que protegen a las naves durante su regreso a la Tierra
00:41y cómo la NASA los perfecciona para las próximas misiones rumbo a la Luna. Estás en Iberoamérica
00:49en órbita.
01:08El reciente colapso de un glaciar en el Himalaya en la frontera entre Nepal y China provocó
01:14una avalancha de hielo y roca que desencadenó una violenta inundación y arrasó comunidades
01:19e infraestructura a su paso. Fenómenos como este muestran el valor de la teledetección
01:25para observar los cambios de nuestro planeta. Desde hace décadas, los satélites Landsat
01:30utilizan esta tecnología para monitorear el agua, las inundaciones y las transformaciones
01:36de la superficie terrestre.
01:39Earth, our home, a rocky planet whose surface is over 70% water. Of that 70%, only 3% is
01:49freshwater. It may seem like a small number, but we rely on that 3% every day for electricity,
01:58farming, transportation, life as we know it. As our planet's temperatures continue to rise,
02:04so does the frequency of disruptions to our aquatic ecosystems. Algal blooms, glacial melt, mass
02:11die-offs, pollution, drought. Managing and safeguarding our water resources has become more important
02:18than ever. Thankfully, scientists have a variety of ground-based methods at their disposal, such
02:25as measuring water clarity or tracking pH levels. For example, assessing how acidic or alkaline
02:31a body of water is can be a good indicator of its quality. A sudden change in pH could point
02:37to increased pollution or contamination. Data gathered through ground-based methods is vital
02:43to the effort to monitor water quality. But for decades, one tool for assessing the health
02:48of what lies beneath the water's surface has kept watch from hundreds of miles above. The Landsat Program.
02:56The launch of Landsat 1 in 1972 represented the advent of a revolutionary new era of Earth
03:03observation. Landsat 1's multi-spectral scanner collected data across four spectral bands, data
03:10that researchers were quick to put to good use, studying vegetation cover, land use, and, you guessed it,
03:16water quality. In 1976, researchers from the Environmental Protection Agency
03:21harnessed Landsat 1 data to analyze chlorophyll, phosphorus, and nitrogen levels, important water
03:27quality indicators of 100 lakes across the United States. Decades later, upgrades to instruments
03:35across each successive Landsat satellite have underscored what a powerful tool remote sensing
03:41can be for global water quality monitoring. Using satellites to keep tabs on water quality
03:47not only ensures the health of aquatic ecosystems, but can also aid in protecting the public health
03:52and safety of our communities. Every year, bodies of water worldwide experience algal blooms
03:58like this one, due to both natural and human-driven factors. Warm temperatures and excess agricultural
04:05runoff can create the perfect environment for algae, including some that are potentially harmful
04:10to humans and wildlife alike. Using satellite data, environmental agencies can not only detect
04:16blooms as they pop up, but can also issue an early warning to the public about the potential
04:21development of these toxic algae. In 2017, the Utah Department of Environmental Quality used data
04:27collected by satellites, including Landsat, to detect an algae bloom in the Utah lake, much earlier than
04:33ground observations alone would have enabled. This early detection gave health and environmental
04:38officials a head start in posting warnings about the harmful algae bloom, preventing potential exposure
04:44by local fishers, boaters, and swimmers, and saving thousands of dollars in insurance costs.
04:51This is the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States and no stranger to algal blooms.
04:58When it comes to the health of the bay, Landsat's orbital perspective and time provides scientists
05:03with a novel means of tracking trends in watershed-wide land use. Agricultural runoff is a major contributor
05:09to pollution in the bay, as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from nearby farms make their way into
05:15the Chesapeake, depleting oxygen levels and blocking sunlight from reaching underwater grasses.
05:20But the expansion of nearby urban areas like Baltimore and Washington are also major contributors
05:26of aquatic pollutants. As urban areas expand, so do the amount of impervious surfaces, like pavement and
05:32asphalt, leading to increased stormwater runoff. This map of Baltimore, created using Landsat data,
05:39shows the dramatic expansion of the city's impervious surfaces over the course of 26 years.
05:45Pollutants that previously would have been absorbed by the soil or vegetation now flow into the sewer
05:50system, and in this case eventually into the Chesapeake Bay. Data collected by satellites like Landsat
05:57allow environmental officials to target areas for conservation and restoration,
06:01and to more efficiently manage resources. In this case, having an understanding of urban expansion
06:07around the bay can aid in the development of unique infrastructure that can counter stormwater runoff,
06:12such as bioretention systems that filter pollutants and slow the flow of stormwater into the bay.
06:19Assessing the quality of water bodies like the Chesapeake is just one aspect of managing our water
06:24resources, fisheries and aquaculture developments, a task that Landsat has played an important hand in
06:30for years. Each year, over 40 percent of groundwater withdrawals in the U.S. are used for irrigation,
06:36watering crops across the country. As climate change and drought put pressure on the nation's water
06:42supply, particularly in areas across the western U.S., water conservationists can turn to Landsat for data
06:48critical to sustainably managed water resources. The 30-meter resolution afforded by instruments
06:55aboard Landsat satellites allows scientists to track irrigation trends over long periods of time
07:00in striking detail. This map, showing the irrigation frequency of fields in the Republican River Basin
07:06over the course of 17 years, was created using data from Landsats 5, 7, and 8.
07:13Zooming into a region along the Colorado-Nebraska border, it's easy to see the amount of variability
07:18in irrigation frequency, with darker colors indicating areas watered nearly every year.
07:24By analyzing economic data along with Landsat data, researchers believe that part of this
07:29irrigation variability can be attributed to crop prices and rainfall. When crop prices were high,
07:36farmers tended to expand irrigation to maximize profits, while irrigating more intensely on a smaller
07:41number of fields during times of drought. Yearly maps provide a clear insight into irrigation effects
07:47and offer precise details on annual changes, guiding better farming water use decisions.
07:55Landsat's past and present have played a major role in providing critical data about our planet's
07:59water resources, a legacy that will continue with the next generation of Landsat satellites.
08:05In early 2023, NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey announced the development of Landsat Next,
08:12a constellation of three satellites that will help researchers and users to better identify sources
08:17of water pollution and detect and quantify algal blooms, enabling effective management of aquatic
08:23food industry and water quality. The mission's trio of satellites will have improved spatial and temporal
08:28resolution, collecting a complete image of the Earth every six days, allowing users to see features that
08:34were too small or happen too quickly for previous Landsat satellites to detect. Landsat Next's advanced
08:41remote sensing capabilities could prove useful in a future where climate change and population growth
08:46will continue to put pressure on our planet's water resources. From what we eat to what we drink,
08:52water is fundamental to life on Earth. Thankfully, Landsat's view from high above can be counted on to provide
08:59accurate and timely data that will help preserve the precious waters below.
09:04The technical engineering engineering of materials of NASA, Matt Switzer, is our guest in the interview
09:11of today. We show the fragments of reals of the thermal thermal shield of Artemis 1 and explain how
09:16his study allows to evaluate the performance of these materials during the return and perfection of the
09:22materials that will protect the next ship to the moon.
09:26Estamos ahora en uno de los laboratorios donde se han desarrollado los materiales principalmente de los
09:33escudos térmicos de las naves tripuladas como el Space Shuttle o también Orion y ahora que se están
09:42usando en el programa Artemis. Y estoy con Matt quien es uno de los técnicos aquí que nos está explicando
09:48y
09:48nos va a contar un poco acerca de estas piezas que han volado en el programa Artemis y que ellos
09:55están
09:55desarrollando aquí. Matt, thank you for having us here. Tell us about these pieces. What are they
10:01and what have they been through? Okay, so these pieces right here are pieces from the actual heat
10:08shield from Artemis 1. These went, they launched, they orbited the moon, they came back and they went
10:14through a re-entry that so it was a skip pulse re-entry. So prior to launch it was noticed
10:20that between
10:21the Avcoat materials made by Lockheed and another company that there were some color differences
10:27and after Artemis came back we saw that the one that was known as discolored came back looking much better.
10:35What was thought as standard, that one had some char liberation. So these are the materials that
10:43basically initiated our desire to understand more and to analyze and figure out what happened so that
10:50future Artemis missions would look like this and not like this. Leading up to the Artemis missions we
10:57did not have the capability to accurately replicate the re-entry environment. So this one was done with
11:03both lasers for radiant heating and the plasma gas flow to simulate the typical re-entry and once we
11:11added all the laser heating for the radiant we were able to achieve the same kind of damage that
11:18we saw on on the actual flight. And then through different analyses that are non-destructive,
11:23x-ray, CT, we were able to see internal cracking and no internal cracking. So we were able to replicate
11:29on Earth what happened in space and then that will make Artemis 3 and future Artemis perform like this one
11:36and this one and not like these. Exactly, so what can we, what do you have to change for next
11:43Artemis
11:44missions based on this and is Artemis 3 also capable of changing things for other missions?
11:52It is likely that for Artemis 3 the heat shield will be set. There will be no changes. Right now
11:59I can't
11:59imagine that there would would be a necessity for a change. So clearly from Artemis 1 there was a need
12:05for a change. Artemis 2 was already built so we couldn't change it. Artemis 3 was partially built and so
12:12its heat shield was stripped off and all of the non-permeable material is gone and it's going to
12:18be completely permeable for Artemis 3 and 4 and beyond. So we have many other commercial missions
12:24participating in this program or in this whole plan of going back to the moon. How are you transferring
12:30this knowledge and all these technologies that you're developing to other participants of this?
12:36Okay, so we don't technology, we do that through a mechanism called technology transfer. So if you
12:42came and you said I want to learn how to make those tiles that I showed you downstairs and the
12:47coating
12:47we see the NASA lawyers determine what your need is, you would provide us the parameters for your
12:53vehicle for its weight, its shape and how it's going to enter and then we come up with a design
13:00methodology and then I would come out to your facility and teach you how to make the material.
13:03From your perspective and all the work that you're doing, what's the most exciting
13:09thing coming ahead in the Artemis program?
13:14I think for us the most exciting part of Artemis was right here. And so my next exciting part is
13:22in about three weeks I will be traveling to Marshall Space Flight Center every other week
13:27for a week at a time to use the BART saw over here to extract samples like this from Artemis
13:322 so that
13:34we can analyze those, confirm what we learned here and then from then Artemis 3 onward should be uneventable.
13:41Thank you very much. You're welcome.
13:46Muchas gracias por ser parte de Iberoamérica en órbita. Este espacio de aprendizaje no sería
13:51posible sin la colaboración y plataformas de los socios de ATEI, en especial el ILSE y las agencias
13:57informativas AFP, F5 y la Dochevele. Para saber más sobre el espacio y otras historias,
14:03encuentranos en la web como noticias ncc.com y en las redes sociales nos encuentras como
14:09arroba ncc Iberoamérica, en ex Facebook, Instagram y Dailymotion. Yo soy Ana Cristina Olvera y nos vemos
14:17en el siguiente episodio entre las estrellas.
14:38¡Gracias!