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00:00:00In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, Queen of Heaven, Holy Mary of Guadalupe,
00:00:23We thank you for this morning, which allows us to meet to better understand the message you have left us.
00:00:32Because you have come to bring us to Ipanemoguani, the true God by whom we live.
00:00:41And we, as your children, turn to you, because we want to remain in the embrace of your arms,
00:00:49in the hollow of your star-filled cloak.
00:00:53Help us and intercede for each of us, so that we may know you better.
00:00:58and may we proclaim your message with joy, with courage, and with deep love.
00:01:06Holy Mary of Guadalupe, pray for us.
00:01:11In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.
00:01:14Well, on the first two Wednesdays of the past month, we were talking about introductions to the Guadalupe event.
00:01:28We said that we were going to handle three introductions to the Guadalupe event.
00:01:35The first intervention, the first preparation for the Guadalupe event, was the cosmogony and the indigenous religious philosophy.
00:01:48Specifically about the Toltecs and the Aztecs, and we talked about the gods and all these myths.
00:01:56The second moment of preparation for the Guadalupe event was the life of the Aztecs.
00:02:04How they related to each other, what the foundation of their religion was, which was human sacrifice.
00:02:11We also talked about what the tilma is, its meaning, since Santa María de Guadalupe is imprinted precisely on the tilma of San Juan Diego.
00:02:25And we talked about the importance of the temple, the hills, the flowers, the rivers,
00:02:33Since this image, which for the indigenous people, will be reflected in the mantle and dress of Our Lady of Guadalupe,
00:02:42Specifically for the Toltecs, and also and especially for the Aztecs, it will have a profound meaning
00:02:50And this will have to be interpreted later, something we will see much later.
00:02:55Today we are going to talk about the third moment of preparation for the Guadalupe event, the third and last.
00:03:05The immediate aftermath of what will be the miracle of the presence of Our Lady of Heaven in Mexican lands
00:03:14and the miracle that we can all witness and that is present in the Basilica of Mexico,
00:03:20The Basilica of Guadalupe on Tepeyac Hill, the miracle of the imprint.
00:03:26The blessed image that she has left in us, in our lands, so that we may go and come,
00:03:34to visit her, to ask for her intercession, to present our sorrows to her, to tell her that we need her intercession
00:03:44And also, why not, present to him our ailments and our deepest needs.
00:03:51She has come to listen to us and to provide a remedy for all of this.
00:03:55Therefore, it is necessary to talk about this very important moment in the history of Mexico,
00:04:02which is precisely the arrival of the Spanish, the arrival of the friars, the conquest,
00:04:09and above all, the arrival of a great man in those Mexican lands,
00:04:15Friar Juan de Sumárraga, first bishop of Mexico City, Tenochtitlán.
00:04:20Okay, so let's start then with the arrival of the Spanish to Mexican lands.
00:04:29We all know that in the year 1492,
00:04:34Christopher Columbus leaves Spain with the approval of the kings of Castile
00:04:41and discover Mexico, or rather, discover America,
00:04:46because Christopher Columbus never actually set foot on Mexican soil,
00:04:51It only remained in what we know as the Antilles,
00:04:55all those islands in the Caribbean Sea.
00:04:58Well, in the year 1492, this great event occurred,
00:05:04the discovery of America.
00:05:07From there, in 1511, the Spanish began to sail,
00:05:13by trying to discover other lands,
00:05:16trying to discover other places.
00:05:19Let us remember that the original purpose of this discovery was to reach India.
00:05:25Why? Because the Silk Road had been blocked by the Muslims.
00:05:32It was not possible to reach India directly,
00:05:35It was not possible to get directly to China,
00:05:37There was a whole route to take.
00:05:39Christopher Columbus wanted to shorten the journey and ended up discovering a continent.
00:05:44That's why they were also looking for gold,
00:05:47They were looking for money,
00:05:48They sought out anything that could honor the kings of Castile
00:05:54and also to revive the economy of the Spanish Empire,
00:05:58since they had incurred many expenses in order to expel them
00:06:04both to the Muslims, to the Moors,
00:06:07as to the Jews of Spanish territory.
00:06:10Well, in those searches,
00:06:13in the year 1511,
00:06:16a shipwreck occurs.
00:06:18They are searching for land and this shipwreck happens near Jamaica.
00:06:26Most of them die at the hands of the Maya,
00:06:29because they run aground later in Cozumel.
00:06:33Most die, but only two people survive.
00:06:37This is going to be very important,
00:06:39because of the entire crew,
00:06:42Only two survive,
00:06:43who are Jerónimo de Aguilar and Gonzalo Guerrero.
00:06:48Jerónimo de Aguilar has more of a religious context.
00:06:52Some say he was a subdeacon,
00:06:55Some say he was a friar,
00:06:56who was a monk,
00:06:58and for that reason it is established as such.
00:07:00But not Gonzalo Guerrero.
00:07:02He was Spanish,
00:07:04He was part of the Spanish army,
00:07:06but he also survives along with Jerónimo de Aguilar.
00:07:10Gonzalo Guerrero, later,
00:07:13years later, around 1515, 1516,
00:07:18He marries a Mayan woman,
00:07:21fathers four children,
00:07:22One will then have to be sacrificed
00:07:25to take care of all this aspect
00:07:28that for the indigenous people
00:07:29was important to the cosmos,
00:07:31of the universe, of nature.
00:07:34Specifically,
00:07:35Gonzalo Guerrero stays with his three children.
00:07:37Well, these two men
00:07:40They will be fundamental
00:07:42on the issue of conquest.
00:07:44Firstly because,
00:07:46Well,
00:07:46Gonzalo Guerrero settles there
00:07:48together with Jerónimo de Aguilar,
00:07:50Learn Mayan.
00:07:51Jerónimo de Aguilar also
00:07:53Learn the Mayan language.
00:07:56So we're talking
00:07:57of what is the shipwreck of 1511.
00:08:02After,
00:08:03These shipwrecked people were no longer searched for,
00:08:05These people were not sought out.
00:08:07In 1517
00:08:10what we call arises
00:08:12the first expedition.
00:08:15Now yes,
00:08:16with the more formal idea
00:08:18to seek new lands
00:08:20and find gold,
00:08:22silver and other pearls,
00:08:24beautiful,
00:08:25precious stones,
00:08:26they are admitted
00:08:27in what the indigenous people
00:08:29they had told
00:08:29on those islands,
00:08:31that there was a place
00:08:32much bigger
00:08:33where safe
00:08:33could find
00:08:35what they were looking for.
00:08:36so that
00:08:38we have there
00:08:39to Fernando Hernández
00:08:40from Cordoba,
00:08:42he,
00:08:42along with the crew,
00:08:44they become what they are
00:08:45the Mexican coasts
00:08:46in what is
00:08:47the Yucatan Peninsula
00:08:49And there they are
00:08:51again
00:08:51with the Mayans,
00:08:53but the Mayans
00:08:54immediately
00:08:54upon touching down
00:08:56The fight begins.
00:08:57Half die
00:08:59of the crew
00:09:00and Fernando de Córdoba
00:09:02what decides
00:09:03is to return to Cuba,
00:09:051517.
00:09:07In the year
00:09:07of 1518,
00:09:09Juan de Grijalva
00:09:10It also begins
00:09:12another expedition.
00:09:14Unlike
00:09:14of the first,
00:09:16Juan de Grijalva
00:09:17begins to border
00:09:19everything that is
00:09:20the Mexican coast,
00:09:22everything that is
00:09:23the Gulf of Mexico,
00:09:25even goes
00:09:26as far as Tampico,
00:09:28but constantly
00:09:29was establishing
00:09:31battles
00:09:31with the indigenous people
00:09:33that were
00:09:33on the coast
00:09:34that they didn't want them,
00:09:36They rejected them
00:09:37battle after battle
00:09:38until he
00:09:39make the decision
00:09:40to return
00:09:42to Cuba.
00:09:43In Cuba
00:09:43there already was
00:09:44a governor
00:09:45placed by
00:09:46of the king,
00:09:47that governor
00:09:48It was called
00:09:49Diego Velázquez.
00:09:51In the year
00:09:51of 1519
00:09:53arises
00:09:54a third
00:09:56expedition,
00:09:58But that expedition
00:09:59It has a purpose
00:10:01very specific,
00:10:03the one about finding
00:10:04to the shipwrecked
00:10:05of 1511.
00:10:08He's leaving
00:10:08with that idea
00:10:09and the one who joins
00:10:11to that expedition
00:10:13He's a great man
00:10:14what is
00:10:15Hernán Cortés.
00:10:17Hernán Cortés
00:10:18raise your hand,
00:10:19He asks
00:10:20take charge
00:10:21of this expedition
00:10:22along with a few
00:10:24men
00:10:24and they go inside
00:10:26and they arrive
00:10:27to lands
00:10:27Mexicans
00:10:28and what there wasn't
00:10:30happened
00:10:30with Gonzalo Guerrero,
00:10:32sorry,
00:10:33what had not happened
00:10:34with Fernando Hernández
00:10:35from Cordoba,
00:10:36what had not happened
00:10:38with Juan de Grijalva,
00:10:39if it happens
00:10:40with Hernán Cortés,
00:10:42Hernán Cortés
00:10:43finds
00:10:44to these two men,
00:10:46to Gonzalo Guerrero
00:10:47and to Jerome
00:10:48from Aguilar.
00:10:50The Maya
00:10:51they do not establish
00:10:52battle
00:10:53with Hernán Cortés
00:10:54because they
00:10:55they don't arrive
00:10:55with the idea
00:10:56to fight,
00:10:57but only
00:10:58to rescue
00:10:59to these shipwrecked people.
00:11:01Hernán Cortés
00:11:02invites
00:11:03these two men
00:11:04to which they add
00:11:05to the expedition.
00:11:07Gonzalo Guerrero
00:11:08He says no.
00:11:09because I'm already here
00:11:10married
00:11:11and I have procreated
00:11:12three children.
00:11:14Jerome
00:11:14de Aguilar,
00:11:15the religious court,
00:11:17says,
00:11:17I'll go with you,
00:11:19Furthermore,
00:11:20I know how to speak Mayan,
00:11:21I can help you
00:11:22on this.
00:11:23And then
00:11:24that Jerome
00:11:26from Aguilar
00:11:26adds
00:11:27to the expedition
00:11:28by Hernán Cortés
00:11:29and they begin
00:11:30to skirt
00:11:31everything that is
00:11:32the coast,
00:11:33everything that is
00:11:33Yucatán
00:11:34and they arrive
00:11:35even up to
00:11:36Tabasco.
00:11:37In Tabasco
00:11:38there are still
00:11:39indigenous communities
00:11:41Mayan style.
00:11:43The Maya,
00:11:44upon arrival
00:11:45Hernán Cortés
00:11:46with all the
00:11:46crew,
00:11:48immediately
00:11:48They establish a battle.
00:11:50A battle
00:11:51very fierce,
00:11:53very difficult,
00:11:54But who is the one who comes out?
00:11:55victor?
00:11:56Hernán Cortés.
00:11:58Hernán Cortés is victorious
00:11:59in this battle
00:12:00and what happens
00:12:02the thing is
00:12:03the Mayans
00:12:04they offer you
00:12:05precious stones,
00:12:07gold,
00:12:08silver,
00:12:09something that Hernán Cortés
00:12:10He obviously likes it.
00:12:11but they come
00:12:13to deliver
00:12:14something that will be
00:12:15fundamental
00:12:16in what is
00:12:17the conquest.
00:12:18They hand it over
00:12:19to twenty maidens,
00:12:21twenty young girls.
00:12:23Among them
00:12:24A young girl was walking
00:12:25which was called
00:12:26Malitzin,
00:12:29a woman
00:12:29indigenous
00:12:30cutting
00:12:32Nahuatl,
00:12:33or in other words,
00:12:34their natural language
00:12:35It was Nahuatl,
00:12:37but he was noble,
00:12:38It was sold
00:12:39by her mother
00:12:40to some merchants,
00:12:42these merchants
00:12:43they reach territory
00:12:45Maya,
00:12:46so that
00:12:46Malitzin,
00:12:48besides talking
00:12:48Nahuatl,
00:12:50Learn Mayan.
00:12:52This woman,
00:12:54very well known
00:12:55for all of us,
00:12:56after baptism
00:12:58It will be called
00:12:58Marine,
00:12:59but all of us
00:13:01We know her
00:13:01like the
00:13:02La Malinche.
00:13:05La Malinche
00:13:06it comes to
00:13:07one aspect
00:13:07fundamental
00:13:08on the question
00:13:09of the conquest.
00:13:10Because?
00:13:11Because afterwards
00:13:12of having won
00:13:13in this battle
00:13:14they begin to be admitted
00:13:16in Mexican lands,
00:13:18something that hadn't happened
00:13:19made
00:13:20nor Fernando Hernández
00:13:21from Córdoba
00:13:22nor Juan de Grijalva.
00:13:24They begin to be admitted
00:13:25and they are no longer found
00:13:27with communities
00:13:28Mayans,
00:13:29but they are found
00:13:30with communities
00:13:31that speak
00:13:31Nahuatl.
00:13:33How to communicate
00:13:34with those tribes
00:13:36or with those peoples
00:13:37indigenous people
00:13:38that speak
00:13:39in Nahuatl?
00:13:40Good,
00:13:41Hernán Cortés
00:13:42I was talking to Jerome
00:13:43from Aguilar.
00:13:45Jerónimo de Aguilar
00:13:46He spoke Mayan
00:13:47with La Malinche
00:13:48and La Malinche
00:13:50He spoke Nahuatl
00:13:52with all those towns
00:13:54who spoke
00:13:54in Nahuatl.
00:13:56None other than La Malinche
00:13:57I added
00:13:58a bit.
00:14:00Obviously,
00:14:02women
00:14:02You know
00:14:03what they are like.
00:14:04Well,
00:14:05La Malinche
00:14:06You know
00:14:06what was it like,
00:14:07TRUE?
00:14:07I added
00:14:08a bit.
00:14:09As we say,
00:14:11We add more
00:14:12cream
00:14:14to the tacos,
00:14:15TRUE?
00:14:16Because it already existed
00:14:17the idea
00:14:18about what
00:14:19Quetzalcoatl
00:14:20I was going to return.
00:14:22Do you remember?
00:14:22what we saw
00:14:23two years ago
00:14:25first Wednesdays
00:14:26of the month?
00:14:27There was the idea
00:14:27that Quetzalcoatl
00:14:29I was going to return.
00:14:30So that
00:14:31La Malinche
00:14:32I was telling him
00:14:33to these peoples,
00:14:34these gods
00:14:35they say that,
00:14:38she was talking
00:14:38in the name
00:14:39by Hernán Cortés
00:14:40and everyone else,
00:14:42and so the towns
00:14:43indigenous people
00:14:43they began to believe
00:14:45that those men
00:14:46which were totally
00:14:47different
00:14:48to those who lived
00:14:49in these lands,
00:14:51well they
00:14:51They were gods.
00:14:53And it begins
00:14:53the rumor
00:14:55about what
00:14:55They are gods
00:14:56in Mexican lands.
00:14:59Obviously,
00:15:00This comment
00:15:01it reaches
00:15:02the head
00:15:03most important
00:15:05of the entire empire
00:15:07what is
00:15:07Moctezuma.
00:15:09Moctezuma
00:15:10It was a
00:15:11tlatoani,
00:15:12Furthermore,
00:15:13it was
00:15:14wey tlatoani,
00:15:15In short,
00:15:17the emperor,
00:15:18the one who was
00:15:19above
00:15:20of all
00:15:20those who have
00:15:21right to speak.
00:15:24Moctezuma
00:15:25was
00:15:25Aztec.
00:15:27I owed him
00:15:28homage
00:15:29whom?
00:15:30What was
00:15:30the god
00:15:31of the Aztecs?
00:15:32The god
00:15:32patron
00:15:33of the Aztecs,
00:15:34Huitzilopochtli.
00:15:36He owes her
00:15:37homage
00:15:38and honor
00:15:38to Huitzilopochtli,
00:15:40but the throne
00:15:41whom
00:15:42Did it belong to him?
00:15:43To Quetzalcoatl.
00:15:45If you
00:15:45remember
00:15:46in mythologies
00:15:47that we count
00:15:48at first,
00:15:49Quetzalcoatl
00:15:50had
00:15:51drunk,
00:15:52He gave a class
00:15:53of excesses,
00:15:54so that
00:15:55himself
00:15:55he self-exiles
00:15:56and leaves
00:15:57via Veracruz,
00:15:58He's leaving
00:15:59to the east,
00:16:00but it shows promise
00:16:01go back.
00:16:02So that,
00:16:03although
00:16:04Moctezuma
00:16:05He owes
00:16:06homage
00:16:07to Huitzilopochtli,
00:16:08the throne
00:16:09It belongs to him
00:16:10to Quetzalcoatl,
00:16:11and Quetzalcoatl
00:16:12It is also
00:16:14a god.
00:16:15Good,
00:16:16when he/she listens
00:16:16this,
00:16:17Moctezuma,
00:16:18had already happened
00:16:20two or three
00:16:21events
00:16:21important
00:16:22that to Moctezuma
00:16:24I did it to him
00:16:24to realize
00:16:25that his empire
00:16:27I was about to
00:16:28to be destroyed.
00:16:30His priests,
00:16:31their wise men,
00:16:32They had already
00:16:33commented
00:16:34that soon
00:16:34some men
00:16:35whites
00:16:36they were going to come
00:16:37from the east
00:16:38and they would take it away
00:16:39his empire.
00:16:40A woman
00:16:41also,
00:16:41in a species
00:16:42trance,
00:16:43he announced
00:16:44that a man
00:16:45white
00:16:46bearded
00:16:46I was going to take it away
00:16:48his throne
00:16:49and was going to destroy
00:16:50his empire.
00:16:51And furthermore,
00:16:53before 1519,
00:16:55a comet
00:16:56groove
00:16:57the sky
00:16:58Mexican
00:16:58and there is a
00:16:59codex,
00:17:00We'll see.
00:17:01later,
00:17:02where
00:17:03Moctezuma
00:17:03is watching
00:17:04precisely
00:17:05that comet.
00:17:07A comet
00:17:08for the people
00:17:09Aztec,
00:17:10as in many
00:17:10towns,
00:17:11not only
00:17:12in Mexico,
00:17:13but also
00:17:13in Europe,
00:17:14It was a bad omen.
00:17:16For the people
00:17:17indigenous
00:17:18meant
00:17:18that the world
00:17:19It is breaking apart,
00:17:21This is the beginning,
00:17:22the beginning
00:17:23of a destruction.
00:17:25Let's add it
00:17:25that Moctezuma
00:17:27He was a man
00:17:28up to a point
00:17:29superstitious,
00:17:31just as there are people
00:17:32that believes
00:17:32that the black cat,
00:17:34that if you cross
00:17:35below
00:17:35of the staircase,
00:17:37or if you
00:17:38the salt falls,
00:17:39or if you
00:17:40the mirror breaks
00:17:41and you say
00:17:42something bad
00:17:43It's going to happen.
00:17:44just like that
00:17:45We see that there are people
00:17:46who believes in that type
00:17:47of things,
00:17:48Moctezuma
00:17:48also
00:17:49He was a man
00:17:50superstitious.
00:17:53Good,
00:17:54well
00:17:54upon hearing
00:17:55these things
00:17:56command
00:17:56some emissaries
00:17:57so they can see
00:17:59if really
00:18:00This is happening.
00:18:02Bring me
00:18:03news.
00:18:04Hernán Cortés
00:18:06is bordering
00:18:07what they are
00:18:07the coasts
00:18:08of the Gulf
00:18:09from Mexico
00:18:09and arrives
00:18:10to Zempuala,
00:18:11It's near
00:18:12already from Veracruz.
00:18:14Is
00:18:14April 21
00:18:16of 1519.
00:18:19Is
00:18:19for
00:18:20the people
00:18:21Spanish
00:18:22Thursday
00:18:22Holy.
00:18:23For the church
00:18:24It's Thursday
00:18:25Holy.
00:18:26What is it that
00:18:27What does Hernán Cortés say?
00:18:28Says
00:18:29tomorrow
00:18:29It's Friday
00:18:30Holy.
00:18:32It's day
00:18:32of death
00:18:33of our
00:18:33Mister
00:18:34Christ.
00:18:35That's why
00:18:36all
00:18:37We're going to disembark
00:18:39the day
00:18:40tomorrow
00:18:40and us
00:18:41we will wear
00:18:42in black
00:18:43because we are
00:18:44mourning
00:18:45because it's day
00:18:46of death
00:18:47of our
00:18:48Mister.
00:18:49In fact
00:18:49that's why
00:18:50Veracruz
00:18:50is called
00:18:51Veracruz,
00:18:52Veracruz,
00:18:53the real
00:18:54cross
00:18:55because
00:18:55disembarks
00:18:57the day
00:18:57of death
00:18:58of our
00:18:58Mister
00:18:59on Friday
00:19:00Holy.
00:19:01What was it like?
00:19:02the image
00:19:03of Quetzalcoatl?
00:19:04I don't know
00:19:04if you
00:19:05Remember that.
00:19:06The image
00:19:06of Quetzalcoatl
00:19:07we said
00:19:08which was
00:19:08white,
00:19:10bearded,
00:19:12helmet,
00:19:13outfit
00:19:14black,
00:19:16very handsome
00:19:16and they say
00:19:17that gave
00:19:17talks
00:19:17of the Virgin
00:19:18from Guadalupe.
00:19:19They say,
00:19:19they say,
00:19:20they say.
00:19:22That's why
00:19:23I got dressed
00:19:23for the occasion.
00:19:27Out
00:19:27about the
00:19:28talks
00:19:28of the Virgin
00:19:29from Guadalupe,
00:19:30the other thing
00:19:31Alright.
00:19:31White,
00:19:33bearded,
00:19:34helmet
00:19:35and clothing
00:19:36black,
00:19:37So
00:19:37they wore
00:19:38to Quetzalcoatl
00:19:39with clothing
00:19:40black.
00:19:40And how
00:19:41It's like
00:19:41low
00:19:42Hernán
00:19:42Courteous
00:19:43and the
00:19:43too much?
00:19:44White,
00:19:46bearded,
00:19:47with helmet
00:19:48and
00:19:49outfit
00:19:49Did they wear?
00:19:51Outfit
00:19:52black.
00:19:52That's why
00:19:53the emissaries
00:19:54that are
00:19:54seeing
00:19:55as
00:19:55they arrive
00:19:56and they go down
00:19:56these
00:19:57Spaniards,
00:19:58they say,
00:19:59is
00:19:59Quetzalcoatl,
00:20:00because also
00:20:01It was the year
00:20:02of Quetzalcoatl.
00:20:03It was the moment
00:20:04in which they
00:20:05They were waiting
00:20:06the return
00:20:08of this divinity
00:20:09very old,
00:20:11both for
00:20:11Aztecs,
00:20:12as for
00:20:12Toltecs,
00:20:13as for
00:20:14the Mayans.
00:20:15We see then
00:20:16that arrive
00:20:17the emissaries
00:20:18with Moctezuma
00:20:19And they tell him,
00:20:20indeed,
00:20:21Quetzalcoatl
00:20:23has gone down
00:20:24from his house,
00:20:25from his boat
00:20:26and that's it
00:20:27is in lands
00:20:28Mexicans
00:20:29and it comes
00:20:30this way.
00:20:32So,
00:20:33Moctezuma,
00:20:34as he owes
00:20:35homage
00:20:36to Huitzilopochtli,
00:20:37What does it do?
00:20:38Wants
00:20:39drive away
00:20:40to Hernán Cortés.
00:20:42And how does it do that?
00:20:43Sending him
00:20:43gifts.
00:20:44He gives her
00:20:45gold,
00:20:46jade stones,
00:20:48precious stones,
00:20:49feathers
00:20:49quetzal,
00:20:50very plumage
00:20:51beautiful,
00:20:52certain type
00:20:53of clothing
00:20:54and when it comes
00:20:55the gift
00:20:56to Hernán Cortés,
00:20:57What does it say?
00:20:58This is where I'm from.
00:21:01If this is
00:21:02a little gift,
00:21:03How will it be?
00:21:04The big gift?
00:21:06And so
00:21:07It attracts him
00:21:08further,
00:21:09because certainly
00:21:10this
00:21:10It was very attractive
00:21:12to the Spanish,
00:21:13Well, they're leaving.
00:21:14interning,
00:21:14even up to
00:21:15currently
00:21:16between the
00:21:17Popocatépetl
00:21:18and the
00:21:18Iztazíhuatl,
00:21:19there is what
00:21:20is called
00:21:20he
00:21:21Step of
00:21:22Courteous,
00:21:23exactly,
00:21:24then it arrives
00:21:25through Iztapalapa
00:21:26and Moctezuma
00:21:28He receives it.
00:21:29And he tells her
00:21:30a phrase
00:21:30very interesting
00:21:31that afterwards
00:21:32when we see
00:21:33in the image
00:21:34of the Virgin
00:21:34of Guadalupe
00:21:35what they are
00:21:35the clouds,
00:21:37when we talk
00:21:37from the clouds,
00:21:39Moctezuma
00:21:40he tells her
00:21:40you
00:21:41that you are coming
00:21:42through the fog
00:21:43and clouds.
00:21:45That expression
00:21:46very indigenous
00:21:48It's going to have
00:21:48high relevance
00:21:49when we talk
00:21:50from the clouds
00:21:51and receives it
00:21:52and he puts it
00:21:53in one
00:21:54of the palaces
00:21:55of the Aztecs
00:21:56at home
00:21:57whose it was
00:21:58the father
00:21:59of Moctezuma
00:22:00at home
00:22:00of Axayacatl
00:22:02already dead
00:22:02his father
00:22:03place it there
00:22:04to Hernán Cortés
00:22:05along with
00:22:06the others.
00:22:08Interesting
00:22:09because
00:22:09then they arrive
00:22:10are established
00:22:11and they receive them
00:22:13like gods
00:22:13They treat them
00:22:15as such
00:22:15begin
00:22:17to behave
00:22:18Hernán Cortés
00:22:19as
00:22:19Quetzalcoatl
00:22:20because when
00:22:21See the sacrifices
00:22:22humans
00:22:22He forbids it.
00:22:24and says
00:22:24that
00:22:25should not
00:22:25if it happens
00:22:26and they
00:22:27they think
00:22:28just like
00:22:28Quetzalcoatl
00:22:29because he
00:22:31I didn't want to
00:22:31the sacrifices
00:22:32humans
00:22:32because he
00:22:33humanity wanted
00:22:34and begin
00:22:36to convince
00:22:37further
00:22:37what are they
00:22:38the gods
00:22:38until
00:22:39suddenly
00:22:40they realize
00:22:41as
00:22:42no
00:22:43They are gods
00:22:44like what
00:22:45their behavior
00:22:47That's not the case
00:22:48as we had it
00:22:49thought
00:22:50And we have it.
00:22:51in our
00:22:51mythologies
00:22:52Hernán Cortés
00:22:54and his subjects
00:22:55they realize
00:22:57that already
00:22:57They are not
00:22:58convincing
00:22:59that they are gods
00:23:00and for the same reason
00:23:01plan
00:23:02the conquest
00:23:04and it is then
00:23:05that Hernán Cortés
00:23:06take the
00:23:07incredible
00:23:08decision
00:23:08to capture
00:23:09to Moctezuma
00:23:10strange
00:23:12because Moctezuma
00:23:13it is left
00:23:14capture
00:23:15Hernán Cortés
00:23:16He has it
00:23:17prisoner
00:23:18and what is it?
00:23:19says
00:23:19send for
00:23:21to Moctezuma
00:23:21send for
00:23:23all the gold
00:23:24that you can
00:23:24of the empire
00:23:25and a quarter
00:23:26as well as this
00:23:27It fills up
00:23:29precisely
00:23:29gold
00:23:30brought
00:23:31of everything
00:23:31the empire
00:23:32well
00:23:34when they happen
00:23:35these things
00:23:36in Cuba
00:23:37It is already happening
00:23:38notifying
00:23:39of what
00:23:40does
00:23:41Hernán Cortés
00:23:42They didn't have
00:23:43in Spain
00:23:44that idea
00:23:45They didn't have
00:23:47idea of
00:23:47conquest
00:23:48they had an idea
00:23:49exploration
00:23:50of an expedition
00:23:51but not
00:23:52of conquest
00:23:53it reaches ears
00:23:54by Diego Velázquez
00:23:55this
00:23:56and says
00:23:57Hernán Cortés
00:23:58He's going to become independent
00:23:59of us
00:23:59she's going to separate
00:24:01and maybe one day
00:24:02can expel us
00:24:03us
00:24:04of these lands
00:24:05and then
00:24:06command
00:24:06to Panfilo
00:24:08Narváez
00:24:09to go
00:24:10to Mexico
00:24:11and capture
00:24:13to Hernán Cortés
00:24:14and take it
00:24:14to appear
00:24:15before the emperor
00:24:17Panfilo arrives
00:24:18Narváez
00:24:19to Veracruz
00:24:20Hernán Cortés
00:24:21realizes
00:24:22from this
00:24:23and what is it?
00:24:24Hernán Cortés does
00:24:25Pedro leaves
00:24:27de Alvarado
00:24:27in Mexico
00:24:28Tenochtitlan
00:24:29and leaves
00:24:30to fight
00:24:31with Panfilo
00:24:32Narváez
00:24:33and
00:24:34board
00:24:35battle
00:24:35with this man
00:24:36who wins
00:24:37Hernán Cortés
00:24:39He wins
00:24:40to Panfilo
00:24:40Narváez
00:24:41and tells him
00:24:41Look, Panfi
00:24:43because that's how they got along
00:24:44among them
00:24:45TRUE
00:24:45Look, Panfi
00:24:47we are going to conquer
00:24:48these lands
00:24:49we're going to
00:24:51this gold
00:24:51We're going to take it to him
00:24:52to our king
00:24:53emperor
00:24:54Charles V
00:24:55and draws a cross
00:24:57and says
00:24:57and with this cross
00:24:59we will evangelize
00:25:00because it was a
00:25:01of the encomiendas
00:25:02of the kings
00:25:03of Castile
00:25:04to the Spanish
00:25:05that they evangelize
00:25:06to men
00:25:07to the indigenous people
00:25:08and with this cross
00:25:10we are going to conquer
00:25:11And we are going to evangelize
00:25:13to these peoples
00:25:15because he convinces him
00:25:16on the return
00:25:18some arrive
00:25:20wise men
00:25:21some priests
00:25:22Aztecs
00:25:23with Pedro
00:25:23de Alvarado
00:25:24and they tell him
00:25:25Hey Peter
00:25:26Give us a chance
00:25:28But that's how they got along
00:25:28among them
00:25:29That's how they got along
00:25:30Hey Peter
00:25:31You give us a chance
00:25:33that we can
00:25:35offer
00:25:35a party
00:25:36in honor
00:25:37from Huichilopostli
00:25:39and Tezcatlipoca
00:25:40oh ok
00:25:41Alright
00:25:42But then Pedro
00:25:43de Alvarado
00:25:44I thought it was going to be
00:25:44a piñata
00:25:45and go go go
00:25:48and the viper
00:25:49of the sea
00:25:49and all
00:25:50But no.
00:25:51what it was about
00:25:52It was an era of sacrifices
00:25:53humans
00:25:53They perform the sacrifices
00:25:55humans
00:25:56And this is scandalous
00:25:57Pedro de Alvarado
00:25:58and sends for him to come in
00:26:00by knife
00:26:01to all priests
00:26:02This is infuriating.
00:26:04to the Aztecs
00:26:05And if they already believed
00:26:06who were not gods
00:26:07with this
00:26:08The battle breaks out
00:26:10The battle begins
00:26:12among Aztecs
00:26:14and Spaniards
00:26:15And then he arrives
00:26:16Hernán Cortés
00:26:17with Panfilo Narváez
00:26:18and they begin
00:26:19the drinking sessions
00:26:20And what happened here?
00:26:21because they are fighting
00:26:22Well, we killed them.
00:26:23to their parents
00:26:24and they seemed to get angry
00:26:26Well, let's go.
00:26:28because this
00:26:29We're going to lose it
00:26:30shove all the gold up your asses
00:26:33that they can
00:26:33Let's go
00:26:35well at night
00:26:36The Spaniards are going
00:26:38along the road
00:26:40Remember that I was
00:26:40Lake Texcoco
00:26:41and the islet
00:26:43was united
00:26:44with solid ground
00:26:45by four lanes
00:26:47They go along the road.
00:26:48at night
00:26:49and by land
00:26:51The Aztecs emerge
00:26:52and they tell them
00:26:53Hey
00:26:54Épale is a word
00:26:56Nahuatl
00:26:57what does it mean
00:26:58Where are you going?
00:26:59Blas the rabbit
00:27:00nothing
00:27:01nothing certain
00:27:02nothing certain
00:27:03and it is established
00:27:05the battle
00:27:06it is established
00:27:07the battle
00:27:08between Spaniards
00:27:09and Aztecs
00:27:10and they begin to fall
00:27:11some to the lake
00:27:12from Texcoco
00:27:13and how they bring
00:27:14their armor
00:27:15and the gold on top
00:27:16because they sink
00:27:17and they die
00:27:18the horses
00:27:18equal
00:27:19We don't know anymore
00:27:20as
00:27:21but Hernán Cortés
00:27:22and a few
00:27:23half-wounded men
00:27:24they leave
00:27:25escape
00:27:26and they are freed
00:27:28of that defeat
00:27:29the Spaniards
00:27:31the Aztecs
00:27:31They believe they have won
00:27:33they do not pursue
00:27:35to Hernán Cortés
00:27:36and they kill him
00:27:37to him and his men
00:27:38but with the escape
00:27:39to what
00:27:40we know from history
00:27:42like the
00:27:43the sad night
00:27:45good sad night
00:27:47for them
00:27:47victorious night
00:27:49for the Aztecs
00:27:50victorious
00:27:51apparent
00:27:52because the Aztecs
00:27:53They believe they have won
00:27:55and that they have won
00:27:57what they don't know
00:27:58is that the enemy
00:28:00more terrible
00:28:01It's already been decided
00:28:03sown
00:28:04in the Aztec village
00:28:05and that enemy
00:28:06terrible
00:28:06is called
00:28:07smallpox
00:28:09in Tenochtitlan
00:28:11and Tlatelolco
00:28:12there was nearby
00:28:13of 250,000
00:28:15population
00:28:15smallpox
00:28:17killed
00:28:18halfway
00:28:18of the population
00:28:20more than 100,000
00:28:21people
00:28:22died
00:28:23November
00:28:24of 1520
00:28:25May
00:28:26of 1521
00:28:28so that
00:28:30flees
00:28:31Hernán Cortés
00:28:32and they receive it
00:28:33the Tlaxcalans
00:28:34which had already established
00:28:36friendship with them
00:28:37They put them
00:28:38in the temazcales
00:28:40heal
00:28:41the wounds
00:28:41and a great general
00:28:43Ixtlizóchitl
00:28:45is the one that
00:28:46captains
00:28:47along with
00:28:48Hernán Cortés
00:28:49what will be
00:28:50the war
00:28:50of conquest
00:28:51Hernán Cortés
00:28:53already recovered
00:28:54of their
00:28:54of their
00:28:55injuries
00:28:56of their
00:28:56wounds
00:28:57along with his
00:28:59town
00:28:59along with his
00:29:00people
00:29:00regroups
00:29:02with the
00:29:02Tlaxcalans
00:29:03the Huejotzingas
00:29:05and the
00:29:05Totonacs
00:29:06It was a great
00:29:07number of people
00:29:09but how
00:29:09to fight a
00:29:10such a town
00:29:11warrior
00:29:11that he had done
00:29:12of the war
00:29:13its main
00:29:14force
00:29:15what it
00:29:16distinguished
00:29:17and also
00:29:18how to fight
00:29:19a place
00:29:20where
00:29:21is surrounded
00:29:21water
00:29:22and where
00:29:23the Aztecs
00:29:24They were very skilled
00:29:25on the question
00:29:25navigation
00:29:26how to do it
00:29:28well Hernán Cortés
00:29:29do something
00:29:30historically
00:29:31incredible
00:29:33send for
00:29:34the wood
00:29:35from Veracruz
00:29:35to do
00:29:36some brigantines
00:29:37some ships
00:29:39and arms them
00:29:40and they put them
00:29:42on the lake
00:29:42from Texcoco
00:29:43something monumental
00:29:45And now, yes.
00:29:46both by land
00:29:47as by sea
00:29:49the Aztecs
00:29:50They didn't have
00:29:50nothing to do
00:29:51Cuitláhuac
00:29:53was
00:29:54the king
00:29:55that the
00:29:56tlatoani
00:29:56that had gone up
00:29:57to be emperor
00:29:59because Moctezuma
00:30:00dies
00:30:01the day of the night
00:30:02sad
00:30:03dies
00:30:04with a stone
00:30:05in the head
00:30:05by the same
00:30:07town
00:30:07dies
00:30:08in Moctezuma
00:30:09Cuitláhuac
00:30:11ascends the throne
00:30:11but dies
00:30:12almost immediately
00:30:13because of the question
00:30:15of smallpox
00:30:16Cuitláhuac dies
00:30:18and who is he
00:30:19last
00:30:19Aztec emperor
00:30:21Cuauhtémoc
00:30:23Cuau
00:30:24means
00:30:25eagle
00:30:26so each time
00:30:27that we say Cuau
00:30:28Imagine how
00:30:29the one who plays
00:30:31right now in town
00:30:31the truth
00:30:32Cuau
00:30:33means
00:30:34eagle
00:30:34Temoc
00:30:35means
00:30:36falling
00:30:37Cuauhtémoc
00:30:38It is the eagle
00:30:39falling
00:30:39right nearby
00:30:40where is
00:30:41Cuauhtémoc Street
00:30:42if you see
00:30:43the image
00:30:43his
00:30:44they are going to happen
00:30:45account
00:30:45that in the part
00:30:46down
00:30:47on the mound
00:30:48There is an eagle
00:30:50falling
00:30:51good
00:30:51the interesting thing
00:30:52It's like
00:30:53the Aztec empire
00:30:55arises
00:30:56discovering
00:30:57to an eagle
00:30:58in flight
00:31:00stop
00:31:01on an opal
00:31:02devouring
00:31:03a snake
00:31:04like the empire
00:31:06arises
00:31:06with an eagle
00:31:07that is in flight
00:31:08and how
00:31:09The empire ends
00:31:10with the emperor
00:31:11which is called
00:31:12the eagle
00:31:13falling
00:31:14And so it is
00:31:15how it falls
00:31:15the empire
00:31:17of the sun
00:31:17the empire
00:31:18of the children
00:31:19of the sun
00:31:20of the Aztecs
00:31:21Tenochtitlan
00:31:22is dominated
00:31:23already by the Spanish
00:31:25Cuauhtémoc
00:31:26He's leaving
00:31:26to the last stronghold
00:31:28what is
00:31:28Tlatelolco
00:31:29north
00:31:30and there in Tlatelolco
00:31:31is where
00:31:32Cuauhtémoc
00:31:33It has no more
00:31:34to give him
00:31:35already
00:31:35the empire
00:31:36the battle
00:31:37of the conquest
00:31:38begin
00:31:39May 30th
00:31:40of 1521
00:31:41and it ends
00:31:42August 13
00:31:44of 1521
00:31:46I mean
00:31:46It lasted approximately
00:31:47three months
00:31:49about 90 days
00:31:50this battle
00:31:51of the conquest
00:31:52with the conquest
00:31:54Something terrible is coming.
00:31:55Something terrible is coming.
00:31:57with the conquest
00:31:59Destruction is coming
00:32:01also
00:32:01of the idols
00:32:03Aztecs
00:32:03Destruction is coming
00:32:05of the temples
00:32:06Aztecs
00:32:07but also
00:32:08Revenge is coming
00:32:09of the others
00:32:11tribes
00:32:11in this case
00:32:12of the others
00:32:13towns
00:32:14the Tlaxcalans
00:32:15the Totonacs
00:32:16and the Huejotzingas
00:32:18because revenge
00:32:19imagine
00:32:20that the Aztecs
00:32:21for over 100 years
00:32:23They were heading towards these towns
00:32:24They captured people
00:32:25in the flower wars
00:32:26and they sacrificed them
00:32:28They were after people
00:32:29They captured them
00:32:30and they sacrificed them
00:32:31now comes
00:32:32ours
00:32:33You did so much damage
00:32:35in our town
00:32:35now it's our turn
00:32:37us
00:32:37and when it happens
00:32:38the war of conquest
00:32:40and the Aztecs
00:32:41they lose
00:32:41the other peoples
00:32:43They grab the men
00:32:44and women
00:32:45They dismember them
00:32:47They ignore them
00:32:48They make a series
00:32:49of atrocities
00:32:50that even the same
00:32:51Spaniards
00:32:52they feel
00:32:53confused
00:32:54now then
00:32:55are destroyed
00:32:57the temples
00:32:58we said
00:32:59on Wednesday
00:32:59past
00:33:00if you build
00:33:01a temple
00:33:02which is what
00:33:03you are building
00:33:04a new
00:33:04civilization
00:33:06exactly
00:33:07if you destroy
00:33:09a temple
00:33:09that you are destroying
00:33:10a civilization
00:33:12for them
00:33:14Chaos is coming
00:33:15and the confusion
00:33:16total
00:33:17because they are
00:33:18destroying
00:33:18their temples
00:33:19starting with
00:33:20the main temple
00:33:21dedicated to
00:33:22Huitzilopochtli
00:33:23and also
00:33:24Tlalo
00:33:25which is where it is
00:33:25at the moment
00:33:26the cathedral
00:33:28in the Zócalo
00:33:29in Mexico City
00:33:30there it was
00:33:31the temple
00:33:32most important
00:33:33of the town
00:33:34Aztec
00:33:34The destruction begins
00:33:36and also
00:33:37something begins
00:33:38terrible
00:33:38that our
00:33:40gods
00:33:41they have
00:33:42abandoned
00:33:43because
00:33:44they begin to take
00:33:46the Spaniards
00:33:47to women
00:33:48They impregnate them
00:33:50handcuffs
00:33:51of men
00:33:52as well
00:33:53daughters
00:33:53maidens
00:33:55of the
00:33:56parents
00:33:56Men's
00:33:57Aztecs
00:33:58they begin to take
00:33:59their lands
00:34:00they take over
00:34:01without rhyme or reason
00:34:02and they are
00:34:02of everything
00:34:03what they
00:34:04are found
00:34:05so that
00:34:06the people
00:34:07Aztec feels
00:34:08completely
00:34:09confused
00:34:10because?
00:34:11because they
00:34:12they believed
00:34:12the children
00:34:13of the sun
00:34:13because they
00:34:15they were considered
00:34:16unbeatable
00:34:16because they believed
00:34:18that his empire
00:34:19it was going to last
00:34:20forever
00:34:20because his god
00:34:21Huitzilopochtli
00:34:22and their other
00:34:23deities
00:34:24they had
00:34:25protected
00:34:26and because they
00:34:27were
00:34:27faithful
00:34:28to their gods
00:34:29They believed
00:34:31the children
00:34:31of the sun
00:34:32they believed
00:34:33that were
00:34:34at the most
00:34:34high
00:34:35from the heavens
00:34:36and as well
00:34:37says
00:34:37the philosopher
00:34:38and thinker
00:34:40Mexican
00:34:40Cornelius Reina
00:34:42I fell
00:34:45Oh, I realize.
00:34:48that there is a lot
00:34:49philosophical culture
00:34:50Mexican
00:34:51Hey
00:34:52everyone quoted
00:34:53perfectly
00:34:54to Cornelius Reina
00:34:56I fell
00:34:57I fell
00:34:57from the cloud
00:34:58in which
00:35:00was walking
00:35:00we believed
00:35:02which were
00:35:02we were
00:35:03the children
00:35:03of the sun
00:35:04and we come
00:35:05to be
00:35:05in a situation
00:35:06deplorable
00:35:07and terrible
00:35:08smallpox
00:35:09as well
00:35:11taking
00:35:12the lands
00:35:13destroy
00:35:14to the gods
00:35:15Something appears
00:35:16that in history
00:35:17from Mexico
00:35:18we call
00:35:19like the
00:35:19Great Depression
00:35:21And there we have it.
00:35:22the reasons
00:35:23whereby
00:35:23we call this
00:35:24the great depression
00:35:26they take the lands
00:35:28They take the women
00:35:29They destroy the temples
00:35:32They destroy everything.
00:35:33They treat them like animals
00:35:35even
00:35:36doubts arose
00:35:38or rather
00:35:39It was even thought
00:35:40that the indigenous people
00:35:42They had no soul
00:35:44you will remember
00:35:45that this was a great debate
00:35:46who even came
00:35:47to the universities
00:35:48of Europe
00:35:49and the Pope himself
00:35:51had to
00:35:51ratify
00:35:52and say
00:35:53solemnly
00:35:54that the inhabitants
00:35:56in these lands
00:35:57they had a soul
00:35:58They were people
00:35:59and for the same reason
00:36:00could be baptized
00:36:02the children
00:36:03the children
00:36:04that were born
00:36:05fruit of miscegenation
00:36:07were thrown
00:36:08to the mountain
00:36:09literally
00:36:11were thrown
00:36:12to the mountain
00:36:13because?
00:36:14because the Spanish
00:36:15they said
00:36:15those children
00:36:16born of miscegenation
00:36:18Spanish
00:36:18with indigenous
00:36:20are a consequence
00:36:21of the war
00:36:22This is what happens
00:36:23in the war
00:36:24good?
00:36:25the indigenous people
00:36:28the Aztecs
00:36:29they did not accept
00:36:30those children
00:36:30imagine
00:36:31to the husband
00:36:32see his wife
00:36:33abused
00:36:34that engenders
00:36:35and see
00:36:36that son
00:36:37It's not yours
00:36:38is thrown
00:36:39to the mountain
00:36:40because it says
00:36:41this son
00:36:42is fruit
00:36:43of rape
00:36:44a father
00:36:45who sees her daughter
00:36:46who has been raped
00:36:47and?
00:36:48begets
00:36:49a son
00:36:50and asks
00:36:51and forces
00:36:52to the daughter
00:36:53that throws
00:36:53to his son
00:36:54to the mountain
00:36:55because that son
00:36:56is fruit
00:36:57of rape
00:36:57because Spanish
00:36:58does not take responsibility
00:36:59of that son
00:37:00they asked him
00:37:01to the Spanish
00:37:02if you want to have children
00:37:03with our women
00:37:04But take responsibility.
00:37:06of them
00:37:06and they
00:37:07obviously
00:37:08They didn't want to do it
00:37:09that's why
00:37:10miscegenation
00:37:11it was practically
00:37:12impossible
00:37:13miscegenation
00:37:15it was practically
00:37:16inconceivable
00:37:18because the Aztecs
00:37:19they said
00:37:19first take
00:37:20our lands
00:37:21take our women
00:37:23tombs to our gods
00:37:25They destroy our temples
00:37:26and then you want
00:37:27that we accept
00:37:28miscegenation
00:37:29Well, this is going to be
00:37:30practically
00:37:31practically
00:37:33impossible
00:37:34That's why it appears
00:37:35in this context
00:37:36what we
00:37:38we know
00:37:38as
00:37:39the great
00:37:40depression
00:37:40A sadness is coming.
00:37:43very big
00:37:43for our
00:37:44very dear
00:37:45indigenous people
00:37:46for the Aztecs
00:37:47because?
00:37:48because they feel
00:37:49that life
00:37:49It no longer makes sense
00:37:51life
00:37:52no longer has
00:37:53reason for being
00:37:54It's no longer valid
00:37:55the pain of living
00:37:56literally
00:37:58they are
00:37:59dying
00:38:00of sadness
00:38:01Oh father
00:38:02Is it really possible
00:38:03To die of sadness?
00:38:04when you're sad
00:38:05And when you're depressed
00:38:06It makes you hungry
00:38:07There will be a lady
00:38:09that says
00:38:10Oh me
00:38:10I've had double the dose
00:38:11TRUE?
00:38:13but
00:38:13No, I eat more.
00:38:15as you tell me
00:38:16my sister
00:38:17Oh, it's just that
00:38:18Roberto
00:38:18me when I get depressed
00:38:19Well, I'm leaving.
00:38:20to the store
00:38:21to buy
00:38:21because
00:38:22because I need
00:38:23recover
00:38:24And my brother-in-law says
00:38:25if those depressions
00:38:26They are very expensive for me
00:38:27TRUE?
00:38:28but ordinarily
00:38:29ordinarily
00:38:30when you're sad
00:38:31depressed
00:38:32because they don't give it to you
00:38:33appetite
00:38:34So
00:38:35the Aztecs
00:38:36they were dying
00:38:37of sadness
00:38:38They died from smallpox
00:38:39They died from the plague
00:38:41themselves
00:38:42They committed suicide
00:38:43because they were being taken
00:38:45as slaves
00:38:46to the islands
00:38:47where were they
00:38:47most
00:38:48of the Spaniards
00:38:49and they threw themselves
00:38:50to the sea
00:38:51They preferred to die
00:38:52at sea
00:38:53than to be slaves
00:38:54of the Spaniards
00:38:55themselves
00:38:56were provoked
00:38:57death
00:38:57so
00:38:58the context
00:38:59the environment
00:39:00It was terrible
00:39:02besides
00:39:02they feel
00:39:04that their gods
00:39:05They abandoned them
00:39:06feel
00:39:06that everything
00:39:07what they
00:39:08had believed
00:39:09and what they had
00:39:10made
00:39:10it lost its meaning
00:39:12imagine
00:39:13you
00:39:14believe that
00:39:15the sun
00:39:16the moon
00:39:17and the stars
00:39:18they leave
00:39:19and they have their cycle
00:39:20thanks to the
00:39:21human sacrifices
00:39:22the sun
00:39:24It has its consistency
00:39:26enter the underworld
00:39:27and it arises again
00:39:28thanks to the
00:39:29human sacrifices
00:39:31that the wind
00:39:32the rain
00:39:34the storms
00:39:35the harvests
00:39:37arise
00:39:38thanks to the
00:39:39human sacrifices
00:39:40and suddenly
00:39:41not anymore
00:39:41there is no
00:39:43human sacrifices
00:39:44only
00:39:45some
00:39:46in distant lands
00:39:47but not anymore
00:39:48the most important
00:39:49and still
00:39:50It keeps coming out
00:39:52the sun
00:39:52and still
00:39:54the rain
00:39:55the snow
00:39:56the storms
00:39:58agriculture
00:39:59everything happens
00:40:00exactly
00:40:01equal
00:40:02and without the same
00:40:03sacrifices
00:40:04humans
00:40:04or everything that
00:40:06we believed
00:40:06It was a lie
00:40:08or our
00:40:09gods
00:40:09they have given us
00:40:10the back
00:40:11I want to do
00:40:12Here's a comparison
00:40:13among the people
00:40:14from Israel
00:40:15and the peoples
00:40:16indigenous people
00:40:16specifically
00:40:17the Aztecs
00:40:18so that we can see
00:40:19the difference
00:40:20and let's see
00:40:21the
00:40:21the opposite
00:40:22of a situation
00:40:23and another
00:40:24when the Jews
00:40:25They were deported
00:40:27to Babylon
00:40:27the prophets
00:40:29and the priests
00:40:31the wise men
00:40:32Jews
00:40:33They reflected
00:40:35in Babylon
00:40:35about what happened
00:40:37and they said
00:40:37We failed him
00:40:39bye
00:40:39we went
00:40:41unfaithful to God
00:40:42because we are
00:40:43in this condition
00:40:44because we failed him
00:40:45bye
00:40:46because we betrayed him
00:40:47not complying
00:40:48His commandments
00:40:49We're leaving now.
00:40:51with the Aztecs
00:40:52and they say
00:40:52us
00:40:54we went
00:40:56faithful to God
00:40:56they are
00:40:58those of us
00:40:58they betrayed
00:40:59us
00:41:00because from
00:41:01that we
00:41:01we were lifting
00:41:02remember
00:41:03you
00:41:03that they
00:41:04they were getting angry
00:41:04the ear
00:41:05and they spilled
00:41:06three drops
00:41:07of blood
00:41:07They put it on
00:41:08at the window
00:41:09full of flowers
00:41:11to offer it to her
00:41:12to the gods
00:41:13and say
00:41:13we deliver
00:41:15our day
00:41:15we deliver
00:41:17our life
00:41:17our life
00:41:19It's for you
00:41:19And so they did.
00:41:21at night
00:41:21and they did
00:41:22beautiful poems
00:41:23and prayers
00:41:24and all his life
00:41:25It was full of poems
00:41:27to Tloquenahuaque
00:41:28to Ipanemoguani
00:41:30to Teyocoyani
00:41:31to the Muyocoyatzin
00:41:32we see that
00:41:33all
00:41:34lifetime
00:41:35of the Aztecs
00:41:36was dedicated
00:41:37to the gods
00:41:38and they went
00:41:39those of us
00:41:40they betrayed
00:41:41that's why
00:41:41the great depression
00:41:43the Jewish people
00:41:44can understand
00:41:44who was deported
00:41:46because they
00:41:46they misbehaved
00:41:47but here it is
00:41:48us
00:41:49We were faithful to you
00:41:50and you
00:41:51You betrayed us
00:41:52That's why it appears
00:41:53at the moment
00:41:55in the terrible
00:41:56of the Great Depression
00:41:58I've lost all desire
00:41:59of living
00:42:00besides
00:42:00besides
00:42:01we see that
00:42:02within all of this
00:42:04well then
00:42:05happens
00:42:06the desire
00:42:07to finish
00:42:07with all that
00:42:09is happening
00:42:09because they begin
00:42:11to appear
00:42:12in Mexico
00:42:13all the signs
00:42:15of destruction
00:42:16is approaching
00:42:17a date
00:42:18very important
00:42:19is approaching
00:42:20the 13th cane
00:42:21the end
00:42:22of the accounts
00:42:23is approaching
00:42:24the solstice
00:42:25winter
00:42:26in 1531
00:42:28where
00:42:29is about to
00:42:30everything to be destroyed
00:42:31begin to appear
00:42:33in Mexico
00:42:34Tenochtitlan
00:42:35earthquakes
00:42:36They're already going
00:42:37three earthquakes
00:42:38also appears
00:42:40a situation
00:42:41terrible
00:42:42what is
00:42:43the eclipse
00:42:44total
00:42:45Sun
00:42:45and it's coming
00:42:47another comet
00:42:48to Mexican lands
00:42:49which will be
00:42:50the comet
00:42:50Halley
00:42:51will mean
00:42:52that
00:42:52this world
00:42:53is about to
00:42:54to be destroyed
00:42:55they remember
00:42:56that in mythologies
00:42:57it was being said
00:42:58about
00:42:59that the world
00:42:59was created
00:43:00in a four
00:43:01motion
00:43:02and it would be destroyed
00:43:03in a four
00:43:04motion
00:43:05and there was already
00:43:06three movements
00:43:07of land
00:43:07it was expected
00:43:08the fourth
00:43:09all the signs
00:43:10he spoke of destruction
00:43:12and death
00:43:13all the signs
00:43:14he was talking about how
00:43:15just as they had been
00:43:16destroyed
00:43:17the four eras
00:43:19previous
00:43:20the fifth was
00:43:21the fifth humanity
00:43:22and the fifth sun
00:43:24it was going to be destroyed
00:43:26for a start
00:43:27a situation
00:43:27new
00:43:28but without this
00:43:30humanity
00:43:30but a humanity
00:43:32perhaps
00:43:33different
00:43:34So, in light of this
00:43:35in the face of the terrible
00:43:37appears
00:43:38among the burned
00:43:40of the earth
00:43:41in front of all those flowers
00:43:43that have already disappeared
00:43:45arises
00:43:46in the Mexican town
00:43:48a small outbreak
00:43:50of hope
00:43:51they arrive in Mexican lands
00:43:54in the year
00:43:55of 1523
00:43:56I mean
00:43:57two years later
00:43:58of the conquest
00:43:59the first
00:44:00three friars
00:44:01Franciscans
00:44:02sent by
00:44:04Charles V
00:44:05alias the chocolatier
00:44:07clear
00:44:09what's it called
00:44:11chocolate
00:44:11lady
00:44:12Charles V
00:44:13that's why
00:44:14the emperor
00:44:15Charles V
00:44:16alias the chocolatier
00:44:18send
00:44:19three
00:44:19first
00:44:20friars
00:44:21Franciscans
00:44:22Peter of Ghent
00:44:24Juan now
00:44:25and Juan Tecto
00:44:26Juan now
00:44:27and Juan Tecto
00:44:28they die shortly afterwards
00:44:29so only
00:44:31Peter of Ghent remains
00:44:33one year later
00:44:34in the year
00:44:35of 1524
00:44:37the first ones arrive
00:44:38twelve friars
00:44:39Franciscans
00:44:40one might wonder
00:44:41but kind of
00:44:42first twelve
00:44:43Franciscan friars
00:44:44if there were there
00:44:45arrived
00:44:46the first
00:44:47three friars
00:44:48Franciscans
00:44:48the difference
00:44:50is that the first ones
00:44:51he sends them
00:44:51the emperor
00:44:52at twelve
00:44:53Franciscan friars
00:44:55he sends them
00:44:56the pope
00:44:57that's why
00:44:58in some
00:44:58iconographies
00:44:59appear
00:45:00these twelve
00:45:01friars
00:45:01with miters
00:45:03not because they were
00:45:04bishops
00:45:05but because
00:45:06were sent
00:45:07by the Pope
00:45:08one of them
00:45:09which I think is the one
00:45:10more we all know
00:45:11especially because
00:45:12There is a school
00:45:13which is called that
00:45:14fraitoribio
00:45:15from Benavente
00:45:17called
00:45:18in aguatl
00:45:18It begins with
00:45:21mo
00:45:21and it ends
00:45:22with
00:45:22Tolonia
00:45:23Motolinía
00:45:25exactly
00:45:25lady
00:45:26very good
00:45:27Motolinía
00:45:28very good
00:45:28Motolinía
00:45:29what does it mean
00:45:30humble
00:45:31poor
00:45:32Motolinía
00:45:33one of those
00:45:34twelve friars
00:45:34Franciscans
00:45:35they arrive
00:45:36with great enthusiasm
00:45:37they arrive
00:45:38with great enthusiasm
00:45:40to evangelize
00:45:41to these peoples
00:45:42but they are found
00:45:44with great difficulty
00:45:45the peoples
00:45:46indigenous people
00:45:47They do not accept
00:45:48They do not accept
00:45:50the gospel
00:45:51because
00:45:51first
00:45:52the incongruity
00:45:54life
00:45:54of the Spaniards
00:45:56you tell me
00:45:57that does not kill
00:45:57and you kill
00:45:58you tell me
00:45:59that he doesn't steal
00:46:00and you steal
00:46:01your religion
00:46:03It's a lie.
00:46:03not your word
00:46:05your religion
00:46:06It's a lie.
00:46:06because there is no
00:46:07that consistency
00:46:08besides
00:46:09the style
00:46:10life
00:46:11of the Spaniards
00:46:12so messy
00:46:13besides
00:46:15the great depression
00:46:17and finally
00:46:18another situation
00:46:19that to them
00:46:20prevented
00:46:21accept
00:46:22the gospel
00:46:23it's that they
00:46:24they did not accept
00:46:25the new
00:46:26Let us remember
00:46:27that
00:46:27for the Aztecs
00:46:29the important thing
00:46:30That's what it was
00:46:31root
00:46:32exactly
00:46:33that which had roots
00:46:35what I had
00:46:35basis
00:46:36how you are
00:46:37talking
00:46:38of a good
00:46:39new
00:46:39Are you talking to me?
00:46:40of something
00:46:41new
00:46:42Well, I'm not going to.
00:46:43to accept
00:46:43because?
00:46:44because the new
00:46:45for me
00:46:46is a sign
00:46:46fake
00:46:47so
00:46:48that you are
00:46:48talking
00:46:49of a good
00:46:49lie
00:46:50the Spaniards
00:46:51This is not
00:46:52they understood
00:46:53because
00:46:53Well, the good one
00:46:55new
00:46:55It is the gospel
00:46:56Yes, but in the
00:46:57indigenous mindset
00:46:58That's something else.
00:46:59that's why
00:47:00with everyone
00:47:01these elements
00:47:02so how
00:47:03we will be able to
00:47:04evangelize
00:47:05besides
00:47:06There are so many
00:47:07land
00:47:08There is a lot
00:47:09territory
00:47:10we had to go up
00:47:11mountains
00:47:12and go down
00:47:12we had to cross
00:47:13through the jungle
00:47:14we had to cross
00:47:15by places
00:47:16very complicated
00:47:17and very difficult
00:47:18besides
00:47:19there was a big
00:47:20diversity
00:47:21of towns
00:47:22not all
00:47:23They spoke the same way.
00:47:24It's more
00:47:24I have been
00:47:25in communities
00:47:27indigenous people
00:47:28I have been
00:47:29with priests
00:47:30who work
00:47:31with communities
00:47:32indigenous people
00:47:32It's not the same
00:47:33the Mixtec
00:47:34that the Zapotec
00:47:35well everyone
00:47:36understand
00:47:37No
00:47:37the Mixtec
00:47:39It's a way
00:47:40Zapotec
00:47:41It's from another one
00:47:42Nahuatl
00:47:43It's from another one
00:47:44the Mazatec
00:47:46It's from another one
00:47:46and so
00:47:47each population
00:47:49each language
00:47:50It's totally
00:47:51distinct
00:47:52us
00:47:53It sounds familiar
00:47:53equal
00:47:54It's as if
00:47:55you would hear the Chinese
00:47:56the Japanese
00:47:57the Korean
00:47:58the Vietnamese
00:47:58because everything can be heard
00:48:00equal
00:48:00but not
00:48:01It's not understandable
00:48:02a Chinese man
00:48:02with a Japanese
00:48:03They are languages
00:48:04different
00:48:05so too
00:48:06in the tribes
00:48:07the language
00:48:08it was different
00:48:09how to evangelize
00:48:11when half
00:48:12you are learning
00:48:14Nahuatl
00:48:15and then it hits you
00:48:16a Zapotec
00:48:17how do you address
00:48:18with the
00:48:19and a half
00:48:20learn Zapotec
00:48:21and it reaches you
00:48:21a Mixtec
00:48:22or it arrives
00:48:23a Mazatec
00:48:24or it arrives
00:48:25a Purépecha
00:48:26a Tarascan
00:48:27How are you going to talk to him?
00:48:29Yeah
00:48:29if you only
00:48:31do you speak Spanish
00:48:32Let's imagine
00:48:33that suddenly
00:48:33A plane arrives
00:48:34It parks here
00:48:35It raises us all
00:48:36We get off in Japan
00:48:37and tells us
00:48:37go ahead
00:48:37evangelize him
00:48:38well, that's all
00:48:41I have seen
00:48:42the movies
00:48:42that speak
00:48:43but
00:48:45How do you do it?
00:48:47but
00:48:48You don't understand
00:48:48nothing
00:48:49and you don't say
00:48:49Oh, well then
00:48:50by signs
00:48:52for them
00:48:53it seems that
00:48:54You're scaring people away
00:48:55flies
00:48:55because
00:48:56It has nothing
00:48:57what to see
00:48:57there is no point
00:48:58reference
00:48:59how to be able to
00:49:00how to be able to
00:49:02evangelize
00:49:03There were too many
00:49:05obstacles
00:49:05besides
00:49:06smallpox
00:49:07and all this
00:49:08terrible
00:49:08of the conquest
00:49:09death
00:49:10everywhere
00:49:11the plague
00:49:11that was
00:49:12devastating this
00:49:13good
00:49:14he finds out
00:49:16Charles V
00:49:17alias the one
00:49:18the chocolatier
00:49:20very good
00:49:21lest they arrive
00:49:22there
00:49:23I learned something new
00:49:24that Charles V
00:49:25I made chocolate
00:49:26TRUE
00:49:27arrives
00:49:29to the ears
00:49:30of the emperor
00:49:30Charles V
00:49:31what Hernán Cortés
00:49:32I was using
00:49:33of the indigenous people
00:49:34so that
00:49:35command
00:49:36something that we
00:49:37we know as
00:49:38the first hearing
00:49:39or the
00:49:40hearers
00:49:41these men
00:49:42captained by
00:49:44Nuño de Guzmán
00:49:45terrible
00:49:46Nuño de Guzmán
00:49:47who was the founder
00:49:47from Guadalajara
00:49:48This man is terrible.
00:49:50these men
00:49:51only what
00:49:53they came to do
00:49:54was
00:49:54see
00:49:55hear
00:49:57write
00:49:59and report
00:50:01to the emperor
00:50:01what was
00:50:02happening
00:50:03That was the mission
00:50:04to which he had sent them
00:50:06Charles V
00:50:07but when they
00:50:09They see this situation
00:50:10where there is gold
00:50:12where
00:50:13There are amenities
00:50:15where you can
00:50:16abuse
00:50:17of the indigenous people
00:50:17and you can do
00:50:18what to you
00:50:19you feel like it
00:50:20They stayed here
00:50:22and they began
00:50:23to report
00:50:23only
00:50:24the advantages
00:50:25throwing
00:50:26obvious
00:50:27to Hernán Cortés
00:50:28which had already left
00:50:29towards Honduras
00:50:29because I wanted to
00:50:30conquer also
00:50:31up to those
00:50:32land
00:50:33and the
00:50:34hearers
00:50:35captained
00:50:36by Nuño de Guzmán
00:50:37there was another one
00:50:38called Salazar
00:50:39and one more
00:50:40also terrible
00:50:40whose last name was
00:50:42thin
00:50:43good
00:50:44well they
00:50:44they started to abuse
00:50:46what happened
00:50:47It is also that
00:50:48Charles V
00:50:49not only
00:50:50an authority sent
00:50:51civil
00:50:52but also
00:50:53sent one
00:50:54authority
00:50:55religious
00:50:56what is
00:50:56the great
00:50:57bishop
00:50:58the first bishop
00:50:59from Mexico
00:51:00not on lands
00:51:02Mexicans
00:51:02not on lands
00:51:04Mexicans
00:51:04in Mexican lands
00:51:05There was already a bishop
00:51:07Dominican
00:51:08in Tlaxcala
00:51:09which was called
00:51:10Julian Garces
00:51:12good
00:51:13as bishop
00:51:14from Mexico
00:51:15Mexico
00:51:16Tenoxitlán
00:51:16that had already
00:51:17extended
00:51:18greatly
00:51:19send
00:51:20to the first
00:51:21bishop
00:51:21Franciscan
00:51:22called
00:51:23Friar Juan
00:51:24from Sumarraga
00:51:25he had
00:51:26conquered
00:51:27to Charles V
00:51:28your person
00:51:29his way
00:51:30of being
00:51:30his way
00:51:31to try
00:51:32to the others
00:51:33had conquered
00:51:34to Charles V
00:51:35he will be
00:51:36well, a protagonist
00:51:38in what is
00:51:39this of the
00:51:40of the apparitions
00:51:41of Saint Mary
00:51:42of Guadalupe
00:51:43well in front
00:51:44his
00:51:44it is printed
00:51:45the image
00:51:45blessed
00:51:46of Our Lady
00:51:47of Guadalupe
00:51:48he arrives
00:51:49with the commission
00:51:50of Charles V
00:51:51of being
00:51:51the protector
00:51:52of the Indians
00:51:53so that
00:51:55while the judges
00:51:57They are abusing
00:51:58of the Indians
00:51:59Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:52:01is protecting
00:52:02to the Indians
00:52:03That's why they are
00:52:04constantly
00:52:05conflict
00:52:06constantly
00:52:08conflict
00:52:08the judges
00:52:09with Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:52:11So
00:52:12among these
00:52:14the indigenous people
00:52:16above all
00:52:16the Huejotzingas
00:52:17they realize
00:52:18that this authority
00:52:20that has
00:52:20the bishop of Mexico
00:52:22is an authority
00:52:23charity
00:52:24for them
00:52:24and when
00:52:26Nuño de Guzmán
00:52:27and the others
00:52:28they abuse
00:52:29they abuse
00:52:30of the indigenous people
00:52:31They go with Friar Juan
00:52:32from Sumarraga
00:52:33and they tell him
00:52:34Listen
00:52:34Well, it's because they are
00:52:35abusing us
00:52:37and they are doing
00:52:38atrocities
00:52:39with our people
00:52:40Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:52:42talk to
00:52:43Peter of Ghent
00:52:43one of the three
00:52:44who had arrived
00:52:45to reach an agreement
00:52:47And how to fix this?
00:52:48the judges
00:52:49those from the first hearing
00:52:51Nuño de Guzmán
00:52:52he realizes this
00:52:53And what does it do?
00:52:54proclamation
00:52:56death penalty
00:52:58to all those indigenous people
00:53:00that he comes closer
00:53:01to the bishop
00:53:01Imagine that
00:53:04the only
00:53:05that can save them
00:53:06and you can't get close
00:53:07death penalty
00:53:08You approach
00:53:09and we'll kill you
00:53:10after
00:53:11two friends
00:53:13by Hernán Cortés
00:53:14which was
00:53:15Yerena
00:53:15and angle
00:53:16they
00:53:17were captured
00:53:19by Nuño de Guzmán
00:53:20and from the bundle
00:53:21and they put them in
00:53:23in jail
00:53:24They were there
00:53:25suffering atrocities
00:53:27suffering atrocities
00:53:29and then
00:53:30There were more
00:53:31terrible things
00:53:32that arose
00:53:33among the
00:53:34among the indigenous people
00:53:36good
00:53:36well when they found out
00:53:38of these atrocities
00:53:39when they realized
00:53:41of what was happening
00:53:42what it does
00:53:43what it does
00:53:44this
00:53:45King John of Sumarraga
00:53:46It's about reaching an agreement
00:53:48with the bishop
00:53:49Julian Garces
00:53:50and they say
00:53:51We're going to have a mass
00:53:52where it is preached
00:53:54in favor of indigenous people
00:53:56and is preached against
00:53:58of the atrocities
00:53:59and they come together
00:54:00They hold a mass
00:54:01and they put the best one in.
00:54:02preacher
00:54:03in Mexican lands
00:54:05a man named
00:54:05a friar
00:54:06named Antonio Ortiz
00:54:07and speak with conviction
00:54:09and it goes there
00:54:10in the pulpit
00:54:11Mass was being held
00:54:12the two bishops
00:54:13There were Spanish people.
00:54:15There were those from the first hearing
00:54:17There were the indigenous people
00:54:18Antonio Ortiz goes up
00:54:20and begins to speak
00:54:22in favor of indigenous people
00:54:23and it is spoken
00:54:24of the atrocities
00:54:25that are being carried out
00:54:26against them
00:54:28and then
00:54:29it stops
00:54:29Nuño de Guzmán
00:54:30and tells him
00:54:30be quiet
00:54:31and tells him
00:54:32a thin
00:54:33Take it down from there
00:54:34and they are accompanied by two men
00:54:35that's where they grab it
00:54:36from the hood
00:54:38Antonio Ortiz
00:54:39they climb onto the pulpit
00:54:40and they throw it away
00:54:42from the pulpit
00:54:43Imagine that
00:54:44Spaniards
00:54:45indigenous people
00:54:46seeing everything
00:54:47this scenario
00:54:48How can you tell him?
00:54:50to the indigenous person
00:54:51accepts religion
00:54:52Christian
00:54:53when they are watching
00:54:54all these classes
00:54:55of
00:54:55of inconsistencies
00:54:58after
00:54:59it is requested
00:55:01that release
00:55:02to Yerena
00:55:03and to Hulo
00:55:04and what is it?
00:55:05those from the first one do it
00:55:06audience
00:55:06They take them out
00:55:07indeed
00:55:08They punish them
00:55:10and they kill them
00:55:11one is ignored
00:55:13another one is dismembered
00:55:14so that he finds out
00:55:15Hernán Cortés
00:55:16who's in charge
00:55:17us
00:55:17well
00:55:19Ray Juan de Sumárraga
00:55:21what it asks
00:55:22is that it is carried out
00:55:23a procession
00:55:24for peace
00:55:24We need to calm things down
00:55:25We need to make peace
00:55:26all this that is happening
00:55:28a procession takes place
00:55:29solemn
00:55:30cross
00:55:30processional
00:55:31Syrians
00:55:32friars
00:55:33indigenous people
00:55:34some Spaniards
00:55:35good
00:55:35who were in favor
00:55:36of the indigenous people
00:55:37those from the first hearing
00:55:39they find out
00:55:39and they attack them
00:55:40They beat them
00:55:42not only
00:55:42to the indigenous people
00:55:43not only
00:55:44to the Spanish
00:55:45They also hit
00:55:46to the friars
00:55:47thin
00:55:48see that it is
00:55:49a spear
00:55:49around there
00:55:50the take
00:55:51and he realizes
00:55:52that
00:55:52Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:55:53It is standing still
00:55:54In a place
00:55:55and throws
00:55:56the spear
00:55:57Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:55:58He has to dodge it
00:56:00and it happens to him
00:56:01below
00:56:01under the armpit
00:56:02that is to say
00:56:03It went to the heart
00:56:04And if it goes to the heart
00:56:05What was the intention?
00:56:07of a thin stalk?
00:56:08kill the bishop
00:56:09How can we evangelize?
00:56:12with a situation like this?
00:56:13How can I tell him
00:56:14to this Christian
00:56:15when among yourselves
00:56:17They are fighting
00:56:18and yourself
00:56:18you want to kill
00:56:19to your bishop?
00:56:21Given this
00:56:22Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:56:23says
00:56:23priests of Mexico
00:56:26strip the altars bare
00:56:27consume the most holy
00:56:30that this city
00:56:32from Mexico
00:56:32be left without God
00:56:33and called into question
00:56:35Mexico City
00:56:37interdict
00:56:37means
00:56:38It cannot be celebrated
00:56:40no act
00:56:41cult
00:56:42no act
00:56:42liturgical
00:56:43and ruled
00:56:45excommunication
00:56:46to all the
00:56:47of the first hearing
00:56:48that this city
00:56:49from Mexico
00:56:50be left without God
00:56:51and they leave
00:56:52to the city
00:56:53of Tlatelolco
00:56:53north
00:56:54of Tenochtitlan
00:56:55How can we evangelize?
00:56:57when the situation
00:56:59Is it like this?
00:57:00so terrible
00:57:00and even more
00:57:02I say this with regret.
00:57:03but
00:57:04even more
00:57:05the priests
00:57:07the few priests
00:57:09lay people
00:57:10they get together
00:57:11with the few
00:57:12priests
00:57:13Dominicans
00:57:14and together
00:57:15They are against it
00:57:16and they turn against each other
00:57:18of the bishop
00:57:18Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:57:19together
00:57:20they agree
00:57:21to conclude
00:57:23with Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:57:24Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:57:26starts sending
00:57:28cards
00:57:28to the emperor
00:57:29but
00:57:30Where are they?
00:57:31all those letters?
00:57:32in hands
00:57:33of the first hearing
00:57:34they had bet
00:57:35throughout the Gulf
00:57:36from Mexico
00:57:37they had bet
00:57:38guards
00:57:39in a way
00:57:39that every ship
00:57:41that set sail
00:57:41to Europe
00:57:42that whole ship
00:57:44It had to be
00:57:45thoroughly
00:57:46registered
00:57:47the letters
00:57:48who commanded
00:57:49Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:57:50They were all
00:57:51intercepted
00:57:52by the
00:57:53of the first hearing
00:57:54captured
00:57:56these letters
00:57:57and destroyed
00:57:58only
00:57:58to the emperor
00:57:59they reached him
00:58:00things against
00:58:01of the bishop
00:58:01and everything in favor
00:58:02by Nuño de Guzmán
00:58:03and from the first hearing
00:58:05until
00:58:06on one occasion
00:58:07Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:58:08says
00:58:09myself
00:58:09I'm going to put
00:58:10in hands
00:58:11of a
00:58:12ship's captain
00:58:14my letter
00:58:15He's going to him
00:58:16with an entourage
00:58:17secretly
00:58:18all the way to Veracruz
00:58:19arrives in Veracruz
00:58:21and it is
00:58:22a captain
00:58:23by boat
00:58:23Basque
00:58:24you know
00:58:26perfectly
00:58:26that the language
00:58:27Basque
00:58:28It's different.
00:58:29to Spanish
00:58:29of Castile
00:58:30so that
00:58:32Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:58:34He was Basque
00:58:36he was talking
00:58:37Spanish
00:58:38of Castile
00:58:38but a Spaniard
00:58:39more or less
00:58:40just like I speak
00:58:41in English
00:58:42well then
00:58:47so he
00:58:48more or less
00:58:48He spoke Spanish
00:58:49your language
00:58:50He was Basque
00:58:50I was talking
00:58:52with the captain
00:58:53by boat
00:58:54in Basque
00:58:54so that
00:58:55the soldiers
00:58:56They didn't understand
00:58:57what they
00:58:58They were chatting
00:58:59and they were saying
00:59:00that
00:59:01it was necessary to put
00:59:02this letter
00:59:03in hands
00:59:04of the emperor
00:59:05which is what
00:59:06the captain decides
00:59:07wrap this letter
00:59:09in a cake
00:59:09wax
00:59:10puts it
00:59:11in a barrel
00:59:12connects it to the ship
00:59:13as if it were
00:59:14a buoy
00:59:15of those that
00:59:15they remain
00:59:16afloat
00:59:17so that
00:59:18people
00:59:20of the first hearing
00:59:21I don't know
00:59:22and sets sail
00:59:23the ship
00:59:24towards Spain
00:59:26already at sea
00:59:27collect
00:59:28that buoy
00:59:29They take out the letter
00:59:30and it reaches the hands
00:59:32of the emperor
00:59:33and with this
00:59:34What does he tell her?
00:59:36Friar Juan de Sumárraga
00:59:37to the emperor
00:59:38Charles V
00:59:39Your Majesty
00:59:40it is necessary
00:59:42and convenient
00:59:43that you
00:59:44find out
00:59:44of what happens
00:59:46in these lands
00:59:47in these lands
00:59:49which are called
00:59:49the Indians
00:59:50death
00:59:51abundant
00:59:53everywhere
00:59:54injustices
00:59:55are carried out
00:59:57wholesale
00:59:58it is necessary
01:00:00that you
01:00:00same
01:00:01find out
01:00:02of this situation
01:00:03so terrible
01:00:04where
01:00:05death
01:00:06despair
01:00:08the anguish
01:00:09and the abuses
01:00:10They are wholesale
01:00:11And what does it say?
01:00:13Friar Juan de Sumárraga
01:00:14And this letter ends
01:00:16with a phrase
01:00:17lapidary
01:00:18if God
01:00:19does not provide
01:00:20with remedy
01:00:21from his hand
01:00:21there is the earth
01:00:23about to lose
01:00:24completely
01:00:25some friars
01:00:35They already wanted to
01:00:36return to Spain
01:00:37because?
01:00:39they loved each other
01:00:39return to Spain
01:00:40because they couldn't see
01:00:41the conversions
01:00:42because they couldn't see
01:00:43the fruits
01:00:44It was a lot
01:00:45the effort
01:00:45And there were few of them.
01:00:46the results
01:00:47some
01:00:49They were discouraged
01:00:50because death
01:00:51It reigned supreme everywhere
01:00:53parts
01:00:53they loved each other
01:00:54go back
01:00:55the situation
01:00:56It was terrible
01:00:56It's more
01:00:57They were always
01:00:58in conflict
01:00:59with those from the first
01:01:00audience
01:01:01they couldn't
01:01:02to agree
01:01:03that's why
01:01:03there was no situation
01:01:05worse
01:01:05that what was
01:01:07happening in Mexico
01:01:08between the year
01:01:09of 1527
01:01:11and 1531
01:01:13the situation
01:01:15It was terrible
01:01:17the situation
01:01:18It was disastrous
01:01:19And that's why
01:01:20the lament
01:01:21of the bishop
01:01:22from Mexico
01:01:22Your Majesty
01:01:24if God
01:01:26does not provide
01:01:28with remedy
01:01:29from his hand
01:01:29that is to say
01:01:31if God
01:01:32does not intervene
01:01:33directly
01:01:34there is the earth
01:01:35about to
01:01:36to get lost
01:01:38completely
01:01:38if God
01:01:39does not do something
01:01:40This is over
01:01:41Mexico
01:01:42is about to
01:01:43to die
01:01:44This was written by
01:01:45in July
01:01:46of 1529
01:01:47I miss it
01:01:49is
01:01:50that it wasn't
01:01:51the emperor
01:01:52Charles V
01:01:53the one who answered him
01:01:55It wasn't
01:01:57a letter
01:01:58written
01:01:59by hand
01:02:00human
01:02:01the one that arrived
01:02:02to the bishop
01:02:02from Mexico
01:02:03the plea
01:02:05of this
01:02:06great bishop
01:02:07Friar John
01:02:08from Sumárraga
01:02:08arrive
01:02:09not to the ears
01:02:11of an emperor
01:02:12but to some ears
01:02:14larger
01:02:15to the ears
01:02:16of God
01:02:17our lord
01:02:18and God
01:02:19our lord
01:02:19take the big
01:02:21decision
01:02:22to intervene
01:02:23if God
01:02:24does not provide
01:02:25with remedy
01:02:26from his hand
01:02:26if God
01:02:27does not intervene
01:02:27God
01:02:28our lord
01:02:29take the big
01:02:30decision
01:02:31to intervene
01:02:32in favor
01:02:32of the town
01:02:33Mexican
01:02:33and his response
01:02:34is
01:02:35Saint Mary
01:02:36from Guadalajara
01:02:37one year
01:02:38and a half
01:02:39after
01:02:39It's the same
01:02:41God
01:02:41the one who visits
01:02:43Mexican lands
01:02:45through
01:02:46from his Mother
01:02:46Santista
01:02:47is the
01:02:49absolutely true
01:02:49God
01:02:50by whom
01:02:50one lives
01:02:51who arrives
01:02:52to these
01:02:53our lands
01:02:55to give us
01:02:56life
01:02:56to illuminate
01:02:58to transform
01:03:00and to give us
01:03:01life
01:03:01and life
01:03:02galore
01:03:03and the medium
01:03:04through which it arrives
01:03:05us
01:03:06is
01:03:07His Mother
01:03:08Santista
01:03:09Saint Mary
01:03:10of Guadalupe
01:03:11we understand better
01:03:13the context
01:03:13we understand better
01:03:15the situation
01:03:16at what moment
01:03:18so crucial
01:03:19appears
01:03:20the Queen
01:03:20from Heaven
01:03:21Saint Mary
01:03:22of Guadalupe
01:03:23between the 9
01:03:25and 12
01:03:26December
01:03:26of 1531
01:03:29one year
01:03:30and a half
01:03:30after
01:03:30of that
01:03:31appeal
01:03:31that he would
01:03:32the great
01:03:33bishop
01:03:33from Mexico
01:03:34that's when
01:03:35arrives
01:03:35our lands
01:03:36Mexicans
01:03:36to step
01:03:38floor
01:03:38Mexican
01:03:39on the hill
01:03:39from Tepeyac
01:03:40the Mother
01:03:41Most Holy
01:03:41who carries
01:03:42in her womb
01:03:43to the very real
01:03:44God
01:03:44by whom
01:03:45one lives
01:03:45Christ
01:03:47our lord
01:03:48of the Mother
01:03:50of the Mother
01:03:50of the Mother
01:03:52of the Mother
01:03:53Thanks for watching the video.