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00:00What is the Old Testament?
00:12Some Christians or Christian sects have tried to say that the Old Testament no longer applies to us.
00:22That we were born with Jesus Christ, with the New Testament, and that the Old Testament has absolutely nothing left to say.
00:30Which, as you have just seen, is completely false.
00:37Hello brothers and sisters! Welcome back to our regular Active Evangelization classroom.
00:43In this session we will learn about the structure of the New Testament, what it is and how it is designed.
00:49Father Ernesto Maria Caro will explain to us in a very practical and convenient way how to cite the Bible, what chapters and verses are.
00:59A very important difference between Catholic Bibles and Protestant Bibles is how they change the name of Yahweh to Jehovah and that Hallelujah means praise Yahweh.
01:13Stay with us and join us in praising the Lord as we learn more about Him through His Holy Scriptures.
01:19Thank you!
01:20Thank you!
01:21Thank you!
01:22Thank you!
01:52Thank you!
02:22Welcome, dear brothers and sisters, to the continuation of our Fundamental Evangelization course.
02:38During this meeting, during this session, we are going to look at a really important topic.
02:44We are going to talk about the structure of Sacred Scripture.
02:48If you recall, last week in our topic, we analyzed how the revelation developed within the town.
02:57A revelation, part of which was written down, which is the topic we will begin to discuss today: the topic of Holy Scripture.
03:04But we recognized that not only through Scripture, but at the base of all our formation there is a revelation that has been truly communicated and that we call today tradition.
03:18Along with it, what we now call the Magisterium developed.
03:22In other words, since this happened so many years ago, it could be that we don't know what God really wanted to tell us when these texts were written.
03:34That is why it is important to have the help of the Magisterium.
03:37Today, then, we will begin by learning about the structure of Sacred Scripture.
03:43We begin by saying that it is divided into two parts.
03:47The first part, the Old Testament or First Covenant.
03:52You will remember that through this revelation God makes a covenant.
03:58That is why it is called the First Covenant or Old Testament.
04:01And the second part is what we know as the New Testament or the Second and Definitive Covenant.
04:09This is what the Holy Scripture contains in, let's say, two great books that have been joined together because they contain, all together, the revelation that God has made to his people.
04:20In the first part, we will be talking today about the Old Testament.
04:25The Old Testament, we can say, is divided into 46 books.
04:32These 46 books contain the entire development of this revelation, but only the part that was written down.
04:41These are divided, this first book of the Bible, of the Old Testament, these 46 books,
04:48They are divided first into the law, the prophetic books, the wisdom books, and the historical books.
04:59These are, as it is divided, all the writings of the Old Testament or of the First Covenant.
05:08Let's talk first about the book of the law.
05:12This book of the law is also known as the Torah.
05:17The Torah, the Torah, which means law.
05:21And in this law, we will find that it is also divided into five large books,
05:27or in five major sections, which will be developed throughout the first years of Scripture.
05:35The first book we are going to talk about is the book of Genesis.
05:38In Genesis, we will find the story of the development of God's people.
05:45That's where its name comes from, Genesis or creation.
05:48It tells us about the beginning, both of man and of the people.
05:53The first eleven chapters tell us about what is called prehistory.
05:57There we will find how God's creation gradually developed.
06:03Starting with chapter twelve, with Abraham, we begin what is called positive revelation.
06:10Where God speaks directly to Abraham and invites him to start the people of God.
06:16Along with this first book, we will also find the book of Exodus.
06:23In the book of Exodus, we will find the entire process and development of the departure of the people of Israel.
06:31The first covenant and how the people of Israel began to take shape.
06:38Along with these first two books, we will find the book of Numbers and the book of Leviticus.
06:47These are a series of rules and laws established by God for coexistence and for the development of God's people.
06:57Finally, we would have the book of Deuteronomy.
07:00The Book of Deuteronomy is a late book, probably written or compiled around the 6th and 7th centuries BC.
07:13In this book, the author compiled a large number of elements from all sources, including Genesis, Exodus, Numbers, and Leviticus.
07:23as if making a great synthesis, hence its name, Deutero, Nomio, Deutero, Segundo, Nomios, Nomos, which is law, the second law.
07:35In other words, it's like a condensed version of the first books.
07:41The authors decided to put all of this together and form a large collection called the Torah or the law.
07:51This is where we find the development of the first steps of Israel and where we will mainly find all the foundations of God's law.
08:03This is what Jesus frequently speaks to us about in the Gospel.
08:07Jesus quotes it frequently.
08:09I would simply like to show you how it is validated that both the Old Testament and the New Testament are part of a single revelation.
08:21If you go to your Bible you can see in chapter 10 of the Gospel of Saint Luke how in verse 25 it says
08:34Then an expert in the law stood up and told him to set a trap for Jesus.
08:41Master, what must I do to obtain eternal life?
08:44Jesus answered him.
08:46What is written in the law?
08:48What do you read in it?
08:50The law teacher replied.
08:52You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind, and your neighbor as yourself.
09:03This teaching is clearly found in chapter 6 of the book of Deuteronomy.
09:10where we are referred to precisely these verses that Jesus has just mentioned in this Gospel of Luke.
09:19We could look at some others, for example Matthew 5:17
09:23and we would find that there is also a continuous reference.
09:27In other words, the entire Holy Scripture is part of our lives.
09:33Not only the Old Testament has been claimed, or by some Christians or some Christian sects
09:42They have tried to say that the Old Testament no longer applies to us.
09:47We were born with Jesus Christ, with the New Testament
09:50and that the Old Testament has absolutely nothing left to say.
09:55Which, as you have just seen, is completely false.
09:58All of Revelation, Old Testament and New Testament
10:02They are part of a whole, they are part of the revelation that God has made to us.
10:06Part of it, through the Old Testament
10:10and through Jesus Christ, this second part that we call the New Testament.
10:15The second group of these books that are contained in the Old Testament
10:21We call them the prophetic books.
10:24The Jews call them Nebiim, because Nebii means prophet; they are the prophetic books.
10:32There we will find 17 books, which are divided within Scripture
10:38in the books of the major prophets and the minor prophets.
10:44And this is not because of its importance, but because of the amount of content.
10:49A major prophet, such as Isaiah, wrote a lot.
10:54And a small one, like Micah, wrote little.
10:58And that is why they have divided them into major prophets and minor prophets.
11:05In addition to these 17 prophetic books, we have what are called the Ketuvim in Hebrew.
11:13The word Ketuvim means writings.
11:16They call everyone else their writings.
11:18The historical texts are contained there, and the wisdom texts are contained there.
11:24In historical books we will find the development of the history of salvation.
11:29It is important to remember that when we read a historical text,
11:35For example, the Book of Kings does not intend to give us an exact chronology.
11:40He is not narrating chronological events, but rather emphasizing salvific events.
11:48It is the story of salvation.
11:51We cannot understand the history of Israel like the history of Mexico, the history of Panama, or the history of Peru.
11:59It's a different thing.
12:02What this is telling us is a story of salvation.
12:05It is God's intervention in the history of man with the purpose of saving him.
12:11This is how we get historical books.
12:15Along with historical books, we will also find books of wisdom.
12:21There we will find, for example, the Song of Songs, a most beautiful poem about love.
12:27We are going to find the book of wisdom.
12:29In short, all these books have brought us great teaching from the Lord.
12:36In total, 24 more books.
12:39And that's how we got the complete collection of the 46 books of the Old Testament.
12:46This part of the Bible that we know as the Old Testament, the Hebrews know as the Tanakh.
12:58If you ever have the opportunity to live or share with a Jewish brother, you can refer him to the Tanakh.
13:08What is Tanak?
13:09Well, Tanak is an acrostic.
13:11Well, the Hebrews, since they had to transmit all this verbally,
13:17They devised a series of truly impressive mnemonic devices.
13:23And one of them is acrostics.
13:25As you can see on the screen right now, we can form the word Tanak,
13:31where the first, the T, is the Torah, the next vowel is A, then an N from Nevim, then a vowel which is A,
13:42And then the Ketuvim, are the Torah, Nevim and Ketuvim, form the Tanakh.
13:48This was how they learned it and how it was passed down from generation to generation.
13:54Even today they still refer to it as the Old Testament, because for them the New Testament does not exist.
14:00For them, only Tanak exists.
14:03The Tanakh, which is then made up of the Torah, the Nevi'im, the Prophets, and the Writings,
14:10which are the wisdom texts and also the historical ones.
14:13Thus we have the complete compendium of the Old Testament, which they call Tanakh.
14:22And well, now we might ask ourselves, well, and all the Bibles, especially those concerning the Jews,
14:29All of this, this part of the Old Testament, was a development of the Jews.
14:36Can we say that the Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible are the same?
14:43Well, here on this topic we would have to talk about two important elements.
14:53The first topic is the canon, the canon of the Bible.
14:57And the second is the name of God.
15:01Let's start by talking about the canon of the Bible.
15:04We can say that there are two canons.
15:09The first canon is called the Javnia canon,
15:13or also known as the Jerusalem canon.
15:18This is the canon that contains the Tanak.
15:21It is a compendium of all these writings that we have been talking about.
15:26and that they gathered in Javnia, which is why it is also called the Javnia Canon,
15:31a large number of rabbis, the main teachers of the law.
15:38They decided that these 46 books would be the inspired books.
15:43We must say that there are, and always have been, many books.
15:50We already discussed this in our previous meeting.
15:53Some of them were contained, for example, in the Kabbalah.
15:57And along with them there are many other writings that did not enter the canon.
16:02The Jews, seeking to decide, from among all the existing writings,
16:08who were truly the word of God,
16:12what God had revealed to the people,
16:15They came together around the year 70 AD.
16:21And then, gathered in Javnia, they decided that this would be the canon.
16:27And so they chose these first 46 books.
16:31However, the people of Israel, especially in the third century,
16:36Before Christ, there was a great dispersion.
16:39It was called the diaspora.
16:41All these Jews, for different reasons,
16:45especially when they were conquered by Alexander the Great,
16:50They spread throughout many cities,
16:54especially in Egypt and in what we know today as Alexandria.
16:59This caused Greek to spread greatly.
17:03throughout all these provinces,
17:06Egypt, Alexandria, and all these cities.
17:09Many Jews went to those cities,
17:13But it turned out that over time, Hebrew was gradually lost.
17:18And the people, especially those they called proselytes,
17:21people who were not born Jewish,
17:26She became Jewish, they were circumcised as adults
17:29and they began to live according to Jewish law.
17:32This led to the beginning of the construction of a canon.
17:36which we will call the 70s canon,
17:40or the Alexandrian canon.
17:42It is called the Alexandrian canon
17:44because it was made precisely in Alexandria.
17:47It is written in Greek.
17:49To do so, he recounts some traditions.
17:52that for 70 days, 70 wise men,
17:56They met to do the translation
17:58of what we call the Tanakh.
18:01And they, in 70 days, 70 wise men,
18:04They built 70 exactly identical copies.
18:07Which meant that that was exactly the translation
18:10that God wanted from the word of God.
18:13And so it was given the name Alexandrian canon
18:16or the canon of the 70s.
18:19This Alexandrian canon or canon of the 70s
18:22It contains seven more books.
18:26These seven more books
18:28They are known as the deuterocanonical books.
18:32The deuterocanonical books
18:34They have been named in this way
18:36because they are deutero-second,
18:38We already saw it earlier with Deuteronomy,
18:42Deuterocanonical are second canon,
18:46a second canon.
18:47It is the canon that we call Alexandrine.
18:50We, in the Catholic Church,
18:52We specifically used the Alexandrian canon
18:55because Jesus continually quotes
18:59all the citations that we have
19:01in the New Testament
19:03They are taken precisely from the Alexandrian canon
19:06which would apparently be the most popular
19:09since it would already be formed
19:11of a true collection.
19:13This Alexandrian canon or canon of the 70s
19:16It contains seven more books
19:18that are not in the Javnia canon
19:20and those are the ones included
19:23in Catholic Bibles.
19:26Our Catholic Bibles
19:27They contain seven more books
19:29than the Bibles of the separated brethren
19:34and seven more books
19:36compared to the Tanaka.
19:39The separated brothers
19:41in 1521,
19:44when the great separation of the Church takes place
19:46through Luther,
19:48Luther decides that the canon
19:50that we Christians should
19:52to respect
19:53It was the canon of the Jews
19:54And that's why he took
19:56for the Protestant Bible
19:58which we call Protestant Bibles
20:00or of the separated brothers
20:01He took the canon from Jerusalem,
20:04the canon of Palestine
20:06which has seven fewer books.
20:09A Protestant Bible
20:10It will have 39 books
20:12while a Catholic Bible
20:14It will have 46 books.
20:17These deuterocanonical books
20:20There are seven
20:22and they are the book of Tobit,
20:25the book of Judith,
20:26First and Second Maccabees,
20:29the book of Wisdom,
20:31the book of Baruch
20:32and the Greek part
20:34from the book of Daniel.
20:36These seven books
20:38They are the ones called
20:39deuterocanonical
20:40And that's why when you go to buy
20:43a Bible
20:44which are called
20:45ecumenical
20:46You'll notice there that it says
20:48with deuterocanonical books,
20:51that is to say,
20:51It is a translation
20:52that ordinarily
20:54proceeds
20:54from the meeting
20:55of a group
20:57of Catholic brothers
20:58and of the church
20:59evangelical
21:01who agreed
21:03to generate
21:03these new Bibles
21:05that they now contain
21:06the 46 books.
21:08Nowadays
21:10because many Bibles
21:12not only
21:14Catholics
21:14but those who are using
21:16many of the churches
21:17separate
21:17They are already starting to use it
21:19the 46 books
21:20because it turns out
21:22that recently
21:23Well, recently
21:24in 1950
21:25they met
21:27within a few
21:27of some ruins
21:29from some caves
21:30there in Qumran
21:31near the Dead Sea
21:32they met
21:34these books
21:35that originally
21:37They only knew each other
21:38in Greek
21:39It turns out that now
21:40These 7 books
21:41They found them
21:42but also
21:44They found them
21:45in Hebrew
21:46the Jews
21:48when they met
21:50in Javnia
21:50to decide
21:51the canon
21:52They had decided
21:53that only
21:54would enter
21:55of the canon
21:56from the Bible
21:58the books
21:58that they were
21:59Hebrew writings
22:01and like these
22:027 books
22:03not found
22:03no copies
22:04that it was
22:05in Hebrew
22:06then
22:07only
22:07those who were
22:08in Hebrew
22:09they remained inside
22:10of this text
22:11which we call
22:12Palestinian canon
22:13however
22:14today
22:15with these
22:16discoveries
22:16of the Dead Sea
22:17Well, we've seen
22:18that
22:19there is
22:22there are
22:23there existed
22:24back in those times
22:25of Jesus
22:25these books
22:27deuterocanonical
22:28already existed
22:29writings
22:29in Hebrew
22:31so
22:32now
22:32well
22:33the matter
22:34which ones are
22:35really
22:36What is the canon?
22:37that contains
22:38completely
22:39all the scriptures
22:41because each time
22:42it's getting there
22:42more evident
22:44that the canon
22:45of the 70s
22:45the canon
22:46Alexandrine
22:47It is the canon
22:48that contains
22:49the whole revelation
22:51Made by God
22:52to the people
22:52There are 46 books
22:55that all of us
22:56Christians
22:57we must have
22:58in our Bibles
22:59And it's important
23:00that you review
23:01in your Bible
23:01that are
23:03These 7 books
23:04and that your Bible
23:05have
23:05the 7 books
23:07deuterocanonical
23:08the other element
23:10which has distinguished
23:11the Bibles
23:13Catholics
23:15of the Bibles
23:16Protestants
23:17like right now
23:18I was commenting
23:20they took
23:21the canon
23:22of
23:23of Palestine
23:24the canon
23:24Palestinian
23:25has been
23:26the name
23:27of God
23:28as we call
23:28bye
23:29us
23:30in the church
23:30Catholic
23:31normally
23:32we used to
23:33to call God
23:34Yahweh
23:35the name
23:36of God
23:37in the Bible
23:37It would be Yahweh
23:38certainly
23:40does not exist
23:41just like us
23:43that we could
23:43say
23:44the name
23:45of God
23:45God
23:45It does not have
23:46name
23:47when Moses
23:48talk to God
23:49in that
23:50burning bush
23:51he tells her
23:52and what is
23:53your name
23:54and God
23:55reply
23:57well
23:57I don't have
23:58name
23:59I am
24:00who I am
24:01this
24:01corresponds to a situation
24:04especially from the desert peoples
24:06where it was considered
24:08to have the name
24:10to be able to pronounce it
24:11indicated
24:12that could have control
24:13that had control
24:15about the person
24:16That's why the parents
24:17They give them a name
24:19to the children
24:19and they gave them a name
24:21to the city
24:21Why name it?
24:23to someone
24:24is taking possession
24:25about him
24:26And that is why God says
24:27No
24:27I don't have
24:29name
24:29I am
24:31who I am
24:32that's what you'll tell them
24:34to your brothers
24:35I am
24:37who I am
24:38sends me
24:39to you
24:40so that
24:41this
24:42I am
24:43who I am
24:44would pronounce
24:45or one might say
24:46Yahweh
24:47Yahweh
24:49sends you
24:50That's how
24:51would have sounded
24:52in ancient Hebrew
24:55what God
24:55he said to Moses
24:56in the ancient bramble bush
24:58in that bramble bush
24:59in the desert
25:00however
25:02Well, we find ourselves
25:03with what
25:04the Jews
25:05they cannot pronounce
25:07the name
25:07holy
25:08They couldn't
25:10pronounce
25:11and then
25:12when they
25:13they had to pronounce
25:14the name
25:15of Yahweh
25:15rather
25:17pronounce Yahweh
25:18they said
25:18Adonai
25:19this came
25:22to complicate
25:23because
25:24the Jews
25:25they didn't write
25:27the vowels
25:27when they
25:29they started
25:30to write
25:31the Bible
25:31the Old Testament
25:33they
25:34they wrote
25:35in Hebrew
25:35and they didn't use
25:36vowels
25:37only
25:39consonants
25:40and all
25:41glued
25:41but they
25:44as we have already
25:45spoken
25:45that they maintained
25:46a tremendous
25:47relationship
25:48some with
25:49others
25:50for tradition
25:50oral
25:51because they were going
25:52learning
25:53and almost
25:53we could say
25:54that the doctors
25:55of the law
25:56they knew
25:57practically
25:58from memory
25:58all of the Old
26:00Will
26:01and the Bible
26:03it was only
26:05a point
26:06reference
26:07They used it
26:07as a guide
26:08were
26:10can you imagine
26:11all the
26:12consonants
26:13glued
26:13all
26:14one after the other
26:14one after the other
26:15one after the other
26:16line after line
26:16line after line
26:17line after line
26:18and they
26:20they knew
26:21which was what
26:22It was written
26:23in each one
26:24from these lines
26:25because they had
26:25practically
26:26that learn it
26:27from memory
26:28the teachers
26:30of the law
26:31They knew her
26:32good
26:32and when they saw
26:33what is known
26:35like the
26:35tetragrammaton
26:36that is to say
26:37the four letters
26:38How are you?
26:39seeing
26:39I mean
26:40the four letters
26:41the
26:41and
26:42h
26:43vh
26:44that one
26:45meet
26:45like the
26:46tetragrammaton
26:47holy
26:48when they
26:49they saw
26:50these four
26:51letters
26:51glued
26:52It was known
26:53that were
26:54referring
26:54bye
26:55and then
26:56instead of saying
26:58You see
26:59which is what
27:00they
27:00normally
27:01they would say
27:02You see
27:03well they
27:04they said
27:05adonai
27:06because the
27:07name of God
27:08only
27:08could be
27:09pronounced
27:10by the highest
27:11priest
27:11once a year
27:13we couldn't
27:14us
27:15pronounce
27:16the name
27:16holy
27:17of God
27:17what we say
27:18It's not that
27:19have a name
27:20but they
27:21That's how it was
27:22understanding
27:22They were
27:23understanding
27:24And that's why
27:25the thing is
27:25They didn't say it
27:26they couldn't
27:28call God
27:28You see
27:29and then
27:30when they
27:31they were reading
27:31the holy scripture
27:33they
27:34they opened
27:35the roll
27:35They began to read
27:37they bumped into each other
27:38with the tetragrammaton
27:39they bumped into each other
27:40with the text
27:41of
27:42You see
27:43and then
27:45instead of saying
27:46You see
27:46they said
27:47adonai
27:48o adonai
27:50this
27:51indicated
27:52that were
27:52referring
27:53bye
27:54with the step
27:56weather
27:56he went away
27:57losing
27:58well, not much
27:59little by little
28:00the tradition
28:01and
28:02with the great
28:04dispersion
28:04above all
28:05after
28:06of the destruction
28:07of Jerusalem
28:07in the year
28:0870
28:08when
28:10the Romans
28:11destroy
28:12completely
28:13the temple
28:13and it's coming
28:14the great
28:14dispersion
28:15of the Jews
28:16well it turns out
28:17that the Jews
28:17scattered
28:18all over the world
28:19They no longer had
28:20the ease
28:21to count
28:21with a rabbi
28:22They no longer had
28:23the ease
28:24to count
28:24with a
28:25doctor of law
28:26that it was known
28:27from memory
28:28the entire Bible
28:29and then
28:30they started
28:31to no longer know
28:32exactly
28:32how to interpret
28:34or how to read
28:35correctly
28:36the sacred
28:37writing
28:38That's right
28:39that more or less
28:40in the century
28:41sixth after
28:42of Christ
28:43They are going to be born
28:44a group
28:44of wise men
28:45that they leave
28:46to call
28:46the corn cobs
28:48and they will happen
28:49to the task
28:49to put it
28:50the vowels
28:51to all
28:52the words
28:53the Hebrew Bible
28:55will begin to contain
28:56for the first time
28:57from
28:58of the end
28:59of the century
28:59sixth
29:00vowels
29:01and you will be able to read
29:02like us
29:02we read
29:03in our
29:04languages
29:04as we read
29:05in Spanish
29:05the letters
29:06with vowels
29:07and consonants
29:08But this is going to happen
29:09until the century
29:10sixth
29:11after Jesus Christ
29:12and well
29:13when these
29:14men
29:14the corn cobs
29:16They set about the task
29:16to put it
29:17the vowels
29:18to the
29:19to each one
29:19of the words
29:20because they met
29:22so
29:22with the topic
29:23key
29:24and then
29:25what is it that
29:26They were going to put
29:27which were
29:28the vowels
29:28that they had
29:29what to put
29:30in the tetragrammaton
29:31holy
29:32it was practically
29:33play something
29:34divine
29:36like them
29:38they said
29:38adonai
29:39o adonai
29:40when they arrived
29:41there
29:41they had the idea
29:43to put
29:44and intercalate
29:45within this
29:45tetragrammaton
29:46insert
29:47the vowels
29:48of the word
29:49adonai
29:50and so
29:52leaving the four
29:53intact letters
29:54they put
29:55at the same time
29:56so that when
29:57people
29:58future
29:59read
29:59the Bible
30:00in Hebrew
30:01when the
30:02read
30:02read
30:03the word
30:05You see
30:06That's how it was
30:07but they
30:07they would have to
30:08pronounce
30:09adonai
30:10and there
30:10were
30:11so
30:11the vowels
30:12And so it was
30:14as
30:14You can
30:15now see
30:15also
30:16that left
30:17interleaving
30:18the
30:19the vowels
30:20and this
30:21He gave us
30:22as a result
30:23the word
30:24yahoba
30:25yahoba
30:27but
30:28It's a word
30:30as you can see
30:30is composed
30:31of the tetragrammaton
30:33and of the insertion
30:34of the
30:35of the vowels
30:36the i
30:37of Adonai
30:38It didn't happen
30:40because for them
30:41the yota
30:41It is a
30:42consonant
30:44That's why
30:45only
30:45they put
30:46these vowels
30:47and it resulted
30:48the word
30:49yahoba
30:51however
30:52when they
30:53They read it
30:54well they
30:55would read
30:55Yahweh
30:56but not
30:57pronounce
30:57Yahweh
30:58they
30:59when they see
31:00this tetragrammaton
31:01They are going to pronounce
31:02adonai
31:04because this is
31:05what they
31:06They should say
31:07with the step
31:10weather
31:10we saw that
31:11This Bible
31:12was adopted
31:13by the brothers
31:14separated
31:14in 1521
31:15with Luther
31:16and then
31:17they
31:18They simply did
31:19the translation
31:20like them
31:22They are not Hebrews
31:23well they
31:24They weren't going to pronounce
31:25in the word
31:26yahoba
31:27They weren't going
31:28to pronounce
31:29adonai
31:29but that
31:30That's what it was
31:31written
31:31because that's how
31:32is in the
31:32Masoretes
31:33in the Bible
31:34Masoretic
31:35we already found
31:36that when it appears
31:38the tetragrammaton
31:38appears
31:39yahoba
31:40with the step
31:43weather
31:43above all
31:44coming
31:45from the culture
31:46German
31:48little by little
31:49the yahoba
31:50with the and
31:51he went away
31:52transforming
31:53in a jota
31:54and from there
31:55we have now
31:56the word
31:57Jehovah
31:58this word
31:59represents
32:00the same
32:01that for us
32:02You see
32:03that's exactly it
32:04himself
32:05tetragrammaton
32:06nothing else
32:07which is a
32:07pronunciation
32:08different
32:09given that
32:10when
32:11adopts
32:11the canon
32:12of hamnia
32:13by the brothers
32:14separated
32:14They don't translate
32:16but they copy
32:17directly
32:18the word
32:18that was
32:19in Hebrew
32:19and that was
32:20precisely
32:21yahoba
32:23this word
32:25today
32:26we the
32:26we know
32:27like Jehovah
32:27But if you look closely
32:29Well, that's exactly it.
32:30the same
32:31yahoba
32:32or Jehovah
32:33and then we would say
32:34Okay, so
32:35us
32:36because Christians
32:37Catholics
32:38we don't say
32:39also
32:40Jehovah
32:41because in our
32:42Catholic Bibles
32:43Jehovah does not say
32:44but
32:45in our Bibles
32:46Catholics
32:47says
32:47Yahweh
32:47because we
32:49we have taken
32:50directly
32:52which
32:52God
32:53revealed
32:54the word
32:55Jehovah
32:56does not mean
32:57nothing in Hebrew
32:58It does not have
33:00no significance
33:01the word
33:03Yahweh
33:04means
33:05the one who is
33:06and then
33:08that's why
33:08we use
33:09exactly
33:10the word
33:11that identifies
33:12bye
33:13I am
33:14who I am
33:15that is to say
33:15Yahweh
33:16and we know
33:17which is written
33:18and it is pronounced
33:19So
33:19by others
33:21words
33:21that today
33:22have arrived
33:22even us
33:23directly
33:23also
33:24of culture
33:25Jewish
33:25surely
33:26you know
33:27the word
33:28alleluia
33:29the word
33:32alleluia
33:32is made up
33:34times two
33:35words
33:35the word
33:37ale
33:37coming
33:38of the verb
33:39move away
33:39what is
33:40praise
33:41or give
33:41praise
33:42glorify
33:43and the word
33:44already
33:45what is
33:46the apocope
33:47of Yahweh
33:48that is to say
33:48the form
33:48short
33:49as we say
33:50from dad
33:52its apocope
33:53it's for
33:53from mom
33:55ma
33:56and there are many people
33:57which refers
33:57in this way
33:58affectionate
33:59to their parents
34:00pa
34:00or ma
34:01And so we have
34:02apocopes
34:03of different
34:03words
34:04Well
34:04the apocope
34:06of Yahweh
34:06it is already
34:08and then we have
34:09alleluia
34:10that is to say
34:11praise
34:12to Yahweh
34:13But we already know.
34:14that Yahweh
34:14It cannot be said
34:15It is forbidden
34:16You can't touch it
34:17the name of God
34:18by the Jews
34:19so
34:20when they praised God
34:21well they said
34:22alleluia
34:23alleluia
34:23and well
34:24then they could
34:25add it if they wanted
34:27alleluia
34:28adonai
34:28alleluia
34:30Sabaoth
34:31alleluia
34:32alleluia
34:34praise
34:35to Yahweh
34:35And that's why
34:36we know
34:37that the pronunciation
34:39correct
34:40of Yahweh
34:41That's right
34:42Yahweh
34:43and not Jehovah
34:44that simply
34:45a
34:45a literature
34:47it gradually became
34:49a literature
34:50they started going in
34:51the vowels
34:52of Adonai
34:53within the word
34:54of the tetragrammaton
34:55so that the Jews
34:56corn cobs
34:57could
34:58tell people
35:00That's how
35:01It is written
35:02but it must
35:03to pronounce
35:04adonai
35:05us
35:07That's why we know
35:08that the name
35:09of God
35:09es chave
35:10And so you go
35:11to find
35:11in your Bible
35:12Catholic
35:13As you can see
35:15it would seem
35:16simply
35:17well, questions
35:18of
35:19in this case
35:20of a
35:21translation
35:22or in a way
35:23of calling God
35:24but one way
35:25some more
35:26consistent
35:27TRUE
35:27on the topic
35:28from the books
35:29because if the Bible
35:30we removed it
35:31these seven books
35:32Well, we are
35:33truncating
35:34we are there
35:35removing
35:35seven books
35:37that God
35:37had put
35:38so that we
35:39we could
35:39know
35:40completely
35:41the revelation
35:42the problem
35:44so
35:44It's not that much.
35:46the translation
35:48the problem
35:49is the amount
35:50of books
35:51but also
35:52the form
35:53of interpreting
35:54each part
35:56of the sacred
35:56writing
35:57above all
35:58thinking
35:58in which these books
35:59were written
36:00a very long time ago
36:01years
36:02in a culture
36:03completely
36:03different
36:04to which today
36:05we live
36:05Well, it's important.
36:07to know what it is
36:08the correct one
36:09interpretation
36:10And that's why
36:11we have come
36:11talking
36:12continuously
36:13of tradition
36:15and of the teaching profession
36:16that help us
36:17namely
36:17exactly
36:18what is it that
36:20God wanted to give him
36:21to get to know his people
36:22through
36:22of these books
36:24as a final part
36:28now
36:28from our meeting
36:30of this session
36:31I would like to talk
36:32briefly
36:32of something
36:33that we already know
36:34and with what
36:35surely
36:35you'll be more familiar
36:37which is the New Testament
36:38the New Testament
36:40contains
36:4127 books
36:43is divided
36:43in 27 books
36:45and also
36:46are listed
36:47these books
36:48in different categories
36:50the New Testament
36:52we can categorize it
36:53in the books
36:54historical
36:55which are 5
36:56in the books
36:58which are
36:59more than books
37:00They are letters
37:01why not
37:02No, they don't have them.
37:03this connotation
37:03They are letters
37:04which are 21 cards
37:06and the books
37:07prophetic
37:08only one
37:10the books
37:11historical
37:12They are the four
37:14gospels
37:14the gospel
37:16Matthew's
37:17the gospel
37:19by Marcos
37:20the gospel
37:22Lucas
37:22and the gospel
37:23from Juan
37:24are the ones that contain
37:25the story
37:26of Jesus
37:27that as
37:27We already said that
37:28And I think it's worth it.
37:30to repeat it again
37:31remember
37:33because of its historical significance
37:35we do not intend to say
37:36that's exactly right
37:38Things happened
37:40It's a story
37:41of salvation
37:42that each one
37:44of the writers
37:45he was living
37:46that's why
37:47he
37:47it is said
37:48gospel
37:50according to
37:50Saint Luke
37:52Some say
37:53gospel
37:54according to
37:55the tradition
37:56Lucas
37:57or Lucana
37:58or of Matthew
37:59because they are referred to
38:01to these traditions
38:02that were put
38:04in writing
38:04and that are the ones that now
38:06we have
38:07like the gospels
38:09they do not intend
38:11give us
38:12an idea
38:13of history
38:14like us
38:15We know her
38:16because this gives rise to
38:17as some
38:18because they intend
38:20around there
38:20say
38:21Well, everyone's here.
38:22full of confusion
38:23while in one
38:24He tells me there are two blind people
38:25in the other one it tells me
38:26that there is a blind man
38:26while this seems
38:28to have happened before
38:29It appears to have happened here afterwards
38:30Let us remember
38:32It's not about
38:32of this type of story
38:34and the last book
38:35of the historic
38:37would be the book
38:38of the facts
38:38of the apostles
38:39the letters
38:41are divided
38:42the letters
38:43of Saint Paul
38:44are
38:4414 cards
38:46today we know
38:47which actually
38:47There are 13 cards
38:49plus what is known
38:51like the letter
38:51to the Hebrews
38:52rather
38:52it seems to be
38:53a great homily
38:54directed
38:55Well, not exactly.
38:56by Pablo
38:57but most likely
38:58It was a written
38:59of Apollo
39:00with a great defense
39:02of faith
39:03on the other hand
39:04We have the cards
39:05of Saint Peter
39:06which are two
39:07the letters
39:08from the letter
39:08from Santiago
39:09the letter of Jude
39:11and the letters
39:12from Juan
39:13and the letters
39:15from Juan
39:15which are
39:16three
39:16finally
39:18then we would have
39:19the Apocalypse
39:21which would
39:21the prophetic book
39:23It's a book
39:24that contains
39:24the revelation
39:26of God
39:26of things
39:27that were already happening
39:29but of which
39:31they will happen
39:32along
39:33of our entire history
39:34until the end
39:35of the times
39:36as you can see
39:37Well, we can see
39:38that some things
39:39have already happened
39:41Others are happening
39:42Others will happen
39:44And that's why
39:45apocalyptic language
39:46it allows us
39:47that the situations
39:50presented
39:51through symbols
39:52and images
39:52can be reinterpreted
39:54continuously
39:55within history
39:56to validate it
39:57to all this revelation
39:59So
40:01have
40:01These 27 books
40:03that form
40:04the New Testament
40:06I'd like
40:07in the end
40:08from our meeting
40:09invite you
40:10especially
40:11to read
40:12the New Testament
40:13It's difficult
40:14without a guide
40:15appropriate
40:16without a teacher
40:17appropriate
40:17the attempt
40:18delve
40:19in the books
40:20of the Old Testament
40:21because, as I mentioned to you
40:23because they are books
40:24writings
40:25in a culture
40:25different
40:26with situations
40:27that not always
40:28we reached
40:29to understand
40:30And that's it.
40:31can create
40:32serious confusions
40:33in us
40:34That's why I would like
40:35invite you
40:36that
40:37read
40:38the New Testament
40:40my director said
40:41spiritual
40:42that
40:43a Christian
40:44that prides itself
40:45if so
40:45must
40:47read
40:48the New Testament
40:49at least
40:50once a year
40:51we must read
40:53once a year
40:54the entire New Testament
40:55for that
40:57I would like to propose to you
40:58a
40:59a way
41:00simple
41:01a way
41:01simple
41:02in which you
41:03you could read
41:04these
41:05these books
41:06First, I recommend
41:08Do it
41:09more or less
41:1010 to 15 minutes
41:12daily
41:13if you set your mind to it
41:15read for 10 to 15 minutes
41:17daily
41:17your New Testament
41:18in one year
41:19You will have read it
41:20completely
41:21to keep things organized
41:23I suggest
41:24the next
41:25He's not the only one.
41:26It's not exclusive
41:27But it's something.
41:28that I have found
41:29that can be useful
41:30and it can be
41:31very useful
41:32for whom it is
41:33beginning
41:33in reading
41:34of
41:35of the New Testament
41:37first
41:38I want to invite you
41:40to read
41:40the book
41:41of Saint Luke
41:42the Gospel
41:43of Saint Luke
41:44because?
41:45because Saint Luke
41:46well it is
41:46a great doctor
41:47It has a language
41:49a feather
41:49very beautiful
41:51narrates with many
41:52details
41:52many of the elements
41:54that appear there
41:55after
41:56I would invite you
41:57to read
41:58his second book
41:59what is
42:00the book
42:00of the Facts
42:01of the Apostles
42:02with these two books
42:03you would already have
42:04a great
42:04panorama
42:05of what he did
42:07Jesus
42:07until his death
42:08and resurrection
42:09and everything
42:10the beginning
42:11of the church
42:11you would have
42:12a whole
42:15panorama
42:16of history
42:17from Jesus
42:19to the church
42:20predicate
42:21by Saint Paul
42:21immediately
42:23read
42:24the letters
42:25of Saint Paul
42:26Let us remember
42:27that Saint Paul
42:28Okay then
42:29to maintain
42:30a theology
42:31very concise
42:33and very precise
42:33Lucas
42:34he will be a disciple
42:36from Paul
42:36so that
42:37when we
42:38We read the gospel
42:39Lucas
42:39and the letters
42:40from Paul
42:40We are walking
42:42under the same
42:43theological lines
42:44once you have
42:45read
42:46These 14 letters
42:47of Saint Paul
42:48then I invite you
42:49to move again
42:51to another gospel
42:52Let's see now
42:53the perspective
42:54by Marcos
42:55Marcos
42:56It is the gospel
42:58oldest
42:59It is said that
43:00the other evangelists
43:02They took Marcos
43:03as a reference
43:04He is very reserved.
43:05very specific
43:07very synthetic
43:08tradition says
43:10of Papias
43:10who wrote it
43:12his gospel
43:12hearing preaching
43:13to Peter
43:14That's why it would be
43:15convenient
43:16that finished
43:17the gospel
43:17by Marcos
43:18because you would read
43:19also
43:19the letters
43:20of Saint Peter
43:21finished
43:22the letters
43:23of Saint Peter
43:23return
43:24to the next gospel
43:26which would
43:27Matthew's
43:27we're going to change
43:28completely
43:29of theology
43:30Let's go
43:31Now to theology
43:32of the Jews
43:33we're going to find
43:34continuously
43:35expressions
43:36For example
43:37in Matthew
43:37saying
43:38And so it was fulfilled
43:39the prophecy
43:40Saint Matthew
43:41is going to look
43:42to their Jews
43:45to whom he writes
43:46to the Jewish community
43:47check it
43:48that Jesus
43:49It is truly
43:50the Messiah
43:51in the end
43:53of the gospel
43:54Matthew's
43:55I invite you
43:56to read
43:56now
43:57the letters
43:58which we call
43:58the letters
43:59beans
44:00which would be
44:01the letter
44:02of Judas
44:03and the letter
44:04from Santiago
44:05they handle
44:06the three writings
44:08both the gospel
44:08Matthew's
44:09the letter of James
44:10and the letter of Jude
44:12they handle
44:13the same theology
44:14in the end
44:15of everything
44:16we'll have to read
44:17the gospel
44:18of San Juan
44:19with his letters
44:20when you finish
44:22from reading
44:22the whole gospel
44:23of San Juan
44:24including
44:25his letters
44:26you will be able to read
44:27now
44:27the last book
44:28what is
44:28the apocalypse
44:30And I invite you
44:30to read
44:31the apocalypse
44:32fearless
44:33without fears
44:34people
44:36says that there
44:36There are only things
44:37that scare me
44:38that scare me
44:39there is nothing
44:41that scares us
44:41everything that is
44:43in the apocalypse
44:44It's a situation
44:45symbolic
44:46certainly
44:47It may not be
44:48so easy
44:48your reading
44:49that's why
44:50I recommend
44:51a book
44:51when you go
44:52to read
44:53the book
44:53of the apocalypse
44:54what is
44:55That's what it's called
44:55the apocalypse
44:56of San Juan
44:57of the father
44:58Hugo Bani
44:59a great specialist
45:01and as a great specialist
45:02He knows how to put things together.
45:03in a way
45:04very simple
45:05and very affordable
45:07to each one
45:07of us
45:08Give yourself time
45:10to read
45:10your new testament
45:11and you'll see
45:12how quickly
45:13the word of God
45:14will begin
45:15to be carried out
45:15changes with you
45:16With that, then
45:17We're wrapping up
45:18to this great journey
45:20that we have come
45:20doing
45:21which has allowed us
45:22learn a little more
45:23the structure
45:24the books
45:25of our
45:26Holy Scripture
45:27our next meeting
45:28God willing
45:29we'll see
45:30already
45:31our first topic
45:32Let's begin
45:33to meet Jesus
45:35But we're going to start it
45:36to get to know
45:37directly
45:38from the sacred scripture
45:39Give yourself time
45:41for the Lord
45:42Give yourself time
45:43for the sacred scripture
45:44and the Lord
45:45will do wonderful things
45:47in your life
45:48god bless you
45:49Now you know
45:55further
45:56about the
45:56sacred scriptures
45:57the task
45:59for today
46:00is the next one
46:00mark with indicators
46:05my new testament
46:06or the Bible
46:07to find
46:08easily
46:09the texts
46:09read the introductions
46:12of each book
46:12to familiarize myself
46:14with the text
46:14solve
46:17the questionnaire
46:18number 3
46:19what is
46:22and how is it
46:23divided
46:23The New Testament?
46:26How many books
46:27has?
46:29How are they divided?
46:33Could you give
46:34an explanation
46:35how it originated
46:36the name
46:37of Jehovah?
46:40How many are there?
46:41the sources
46:41of the revelation?
46:43What are they?
46:44explains in what
46:48consists
46:49each one
46:49mentions
46:53some quotes
46:53that they refer us to
46:54the sources
46:55of the revelation
46:56what does it mean
47:02the next appointment?
47:06What was it that
47:07He called me more
47:07attention
47:08from this meeting?
47:09highlight your
47:12Bible or New Testament
47:13the appointments
47:14that we saw today
47:15Thank you for continuing with us
47:29Thank you for continuing with us
47:43We look forward to seeing you in our next class.
47:45where we will discover
47:46a series of truths
47:48transcendental
47:49about Jesus Christ
47:50Until next time
47:51What was it that