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00:00How are you, my dear brothers? Well, I'm back again to continue advancing in this, which is truly fascinating, at least for me. I spend all day talking about it, studying it, and learning more because it is truly fascinating.
00:21Okay, so we left our reflection in the last video seeing how this writing is also something late, that is, first some documents, the tradition, how it is formed, how later it begins to be put in writing, then what is put in writing was put in writing by one, but then we talked about the writing schools and those writing schools also took quite a while.
00:51To this we must add that in the first centuries there was a great proliferation of documents, which were attributed to apostles and prominent people of the time, for example we have the case of Barnabas that we already know from the book of the acts of the apostles, right?
01:09He was a companion of Paul in preaching, but Barnabas knows the Lord in a different way, right?
01:18Bernabé was credited with a book that was very important, especially at the beginning, mainly because of who Bernabé was within the community.
01:31It is believed to have been his, right? At least that's how it's attributed to Bernabé.
01:38And this book, well, at the beginning it even became part of the first writings that were within the corpus of the word of God.
01:50It was taken as the word of God. However, over time, certain rules and criteria were established that needed to be taken into account.
02:01And so it was determined that this book was not, in fact, an inspired book.
02:11In other words, it wouldn't have this purpose of showing the canonicity of a writing that the Lord wants for us, would it?
02:21The process of determining which books would and would not be part of the New Testament took several centuries.
02:31It was a really long process.
02:36Let's see how, over time, it was completed, what would be today, the New Testament with a fairly extensive bibliography, right?
02:48Among the Christian authors of the first century, and even of the second century.
02:55These books were gradually collected, practically starting in the first century, because before this didn't happen, if one letter arrived from another, etc.
03:06They were edited by the generation that followed the apostolic era.
03:11And lists began to be created of those whom the communities considered important for the instruction of the people.
03:20And it is from there, from where the term inspired will be born.
03:24In other words, there will be a collection of books that will be inspired books, that is, books that come from the Spirit.
03:31But not all of them were, were they?
03:35So, this had not yet reached canonicity.
03:39There were books that were inspired, but how many would serve as a model?
03:43How many would be canonical?
03:47In other words, this took a long time, because it had to be defined and the church was spreading all over the world.
03:53So, little by little, those who were inspired were limited, and that's how the first communities were formed, right?
04:04The first Christian communities began to believe that this collection of documents was a unified whole, that it was a single volume.
04:17In other words, it was compacted, the whole series of books was compacted until it became a single volume.
04:23They spoke with divine authority.
04:28He was, and will be, the standard of Christian faith, morality, and above all, the mystery of Jesus Christ.
04:36Very complicated, very complex.
04:38It took many years, many centuries to do this.
04:42But now, faced with this, we ask ourselves, what kind of inspired books should these be?
04:48How do we know they are inspired?
04:51Who selected them?
04:53What were the criteria used to select them?
04:57Was there really a universal consensus on this issue?
05:03Was it put to a vote, and are the ones we have the ones that won?
05:07What we can say about these points is that there is no absolute answer, as the evidence we have at our disposal is not very clear.
05:23It has been studied and studied, and it is not entirely clear.
05:26However, the church needed to define this.
05:29So it was necessary to define which books should form the collection of this unique book that we know today as the canon of the New Testament.
05:41The 27 books we talked about at the beginning.
05:43Although we have already seen it in the basic course, let's remember the meaning of the word canon.
05:51The word canon comes from Greek, which means rule.
05:56In other words, it was a rod used to regulate measurements.
06:00It was used by the Egyptians in ancient times for measuring.
06:05A cane of a certain length was taken and used as a standard, as a reference for all other rulers that were exactly the same length.
06:16It's the canon.
06:17That is why today, when we refer to the canon of something, we are referring to the norm of something.
06:24It is the measure, it is the norm, it is what must be done, it is what must be followed.
06:28The canonical books are the books that have been approved as authoritative and as the norm for the church.
06:39since they contain the word of God and have been accepted by most churches as a standard of life and customs.
06:50These are the canonical books that contain the rules, the thought of Jesus,
06:56And that is what we must know and live by in order to save ourselves.
07:01The canon, then, as we were saying, how was it decided?
07:07It was decided in the year 382 at the Council of Rome.
07:14Pope Damasus I, together with all the bishops, was one of the first councils.
07:20So he gathered all the bishops together and said, "Okay, guys, let's get this straight."
07:27Bernabé enters, no, why not? Why yes? Why not? Why yes? Et cetera.
07:30And finally, the 27 canonical books and the books of the Old Testament were determined.
07:40which were taken directly from the Greek testimony, from the Old Testament, from the Greek Torah,
07:48that was available, the Tanakh in Greek, that was available, and from there our Old Testament emerged.
07:56We already covered that, more or less extensively, in the first course.
08:02Let's go over these 27 books that were defined by the Council of Rome,
08:09so that they would be canonically approved by all the bishops of the time,
08:16especially Saint Athanasius, who had already proposed this list of books.
08:21That's how it remained, and those are the ones that our Bibles contain today.
08:25These 27 books contain 5 historical books, 5 historical books.
08:33From there we have 4 gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
08:41A proper historical book, which is the book of the Acts of the Apostles.
08:45There, the birth of the Church is narrated.
08:52Along with these, we have 21 cards.
08:5613 letters referring to Saint Paul are called Paulines.
09:00They are the letter to the Romans, first and second letters to the Corinthians, the letter to the Galatians, to the Ephesians, to the Philippians, and to the Colossians.
09:14We have two letters written to Thessalonica, to the Thessalonians.
09:19Two letters written to the apostle Timothy, one letter written to Titus, and another letter that was also from his disciple.
09:30And another letter to Philemon, who, from what it says, was a friend of Paul.
09:34There are 8 letters called Catholic letters.
09:39The Letter to the Hebrews was originally part of the Pauline Corpus, but today, as we know from reference, it does not belong to Saint Paul.
09:51There is also the letter to James, the two letters written by Saint Peter, the three letters of Saint John, and the letter of Jude, a short letter attributed to the apostle Jude.
10:04Not the one who betrayed Jesus, but Judas Thaddeus.
10:08And finally we would have the last book, it is the Apocalypse, which is also attributed to the apostle Saint John.
10:15These are the 27 books that make up the canon of the New Testament, in which it was contained.
10:23It contained the entire message that was drawn from the community, from tradition, as the apostle Saint John would say,
10:32with the purpose that in the Gospel we may find a book through which we can truly achieve salvation.
10:44That is the purpose of the Gospel.
10:47The Gospel, which is called four-formed, has four forms, but it is a single message, it is the message of Jesus.
10:54Defining these books as part of the canon was not a simple or quick process, as we have already mentioned.
11:03Since there were many writings at the beginning of Christianity.
11:08And then we all had to figure out which ones were yes and which ones were no.
11:12and classify them as truly apostolic, first one of the important elements,
11:18which ones actually came from the period of the apostolic era,
11:22that might have more reference to what happened and what he experienced with Jesus,
11:26and what ended up being called apocryphal.
11:28In other words, people used signatures, right?
11:32And it said, written by Saint Peter.
11:34Saint Peter had already died when they wrote about him, so how could they do that?
11:37So, those are called the apocryphal writings, right?
11:43The first ones are those that were written between the end of the 1st century and the beginning of the 2nd century.
11:50They are what we call apostolic.
11:53Apocrypha refers to books rejected because of their contents.
11:58particularly Gnostics,
12:00or that had a legendary character, right?
12:04Which were completely lacking in historical and salvific foundation, right?
12:09The Gnostics belong to a philosophical and religious movement.
12:14which took place in an esoteric world,
12:17but it quickly became mixed up, due to the esoteric aspect,
12:22with Christianity, which is a mystery religion.
12:27These apocryphal books, rejected by the church because of their content,
12:30Often fantastical, they have been used by writers for novels,
12:37in which reality is mixed with data taken from these books.
12:43And this, therefore, confuses people.
12:46because they present it as a historical part of God's revelation,
12:51when they are simply fantastical stories that gradually become intertwined with real reality,
12:56the reality of Christ who lived among us.
12:59And a case, then, that you may know of, a very well-known one,
13:03This is the case known as The Da Vinci Code,
13:05A film, a book, starts as a book, becomes a film, right?
13:10Well, this one says that Jesus married Mary Magdalene, for the love of God.
13:15So he came down from the cross and was resurrected,
13:19or that they didn't experience it enough,
13:20I don't know, look, it's wax and a half.
13:23And, well, none of that is true.
13:28So, unfortunately, this creates a lot of confusion among people.
13:33because there are those who are left with the idea
13:35That the church orchestrated all of this, right?
13:40There are films, there are books that talk about hidden gospels,
13:48which the church hid because it doesn't suit its interests,
13:52because they talk about the end of the world, etc.
13:55Many of them are from our time,
14:00But they mix potatoes with grapes.
14:06Not working.
14:08It doesn't work that way, that's why they were rejected by the church.
14:12Among the main apocryphal books that we know of,
14:16We can highlight the Gospel of James, which is very popular.
14:20The Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary,
14:23the Gospel of Peter,
14:25The secret Gospel of Mark.
14:31Brothers, for the love of God,
14:33The church did not hide these books.
14:35In fact, we have copies of them in the libraries.
14:40The Library of Christian Authors
14:41He has published the main apocryphal books.
14:47In other words, hidden vouchers.
14:50They certainly bring some good ideas there.
14:54So, it has nothing to do with it, right?
14:55One of the most used in this sense,
14:59because it is the apocryphal book of James,
15:01the Gospel of James.
15:04It is also known as the proto-gospel.
15:06Nothing to do with it.
15:08In other words, this book dates from the end of the 2nd century.
15:11if things go well for us.
15:12It was attributed to the apostle James,
15:16who had already died many years ago.
15:19We must point out that this Gospel
15:21It is a fantastical narrative
15:23which is completely inappropriate
15:25to the elements, then,
15:27authoritative or historical.
15:29However, it has been used
15:31through the church, even our church,
15:34to give reference to some elements,
15:36such as,
15:37the names of the parents
15:38of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
15:40What are their names?
15:42Joaquín and Ana,
15:43that were taken directly
15:46of this book.
15:48What are the names of the Virgin Mary's parents?
15:50No, well, we don't know.
15:50whatever their names were.
15:52Oh well,
15:54Joaquín and Ana,
15:55We need to give it a name,
15:56They are the parents of the Virgin Mary.
15:57In heaven, brothers,
16:00The Book of Revelation says,
16:01that God will give us another name
16:02that only He knows,
16:03So this right now
16:05It is only temporary here.
16:07So, too
16:08from this source
16:09a party was created
16:10that still remains,
16:13above all,
16:14in the Eastern Church,
16:15which is called
16:15The Presentation of the Virgin.
16:20A party
16:21which has nothing to do with
16:23with reality
16:24of our Blessed Mother.
16:25And that's why,
16:27after Pope Paul VI
16:29writes the Marialis Cultus,
16:30to put in order
16:31all this Marian devotion,
16:33because it has transformed
16:34this party
16:35not in a presentation,
16:38but rather
16:39in that process,
16:40in that vision of consecration
16:42that our Mother does
16:43to God our Lord.
16:46I mean,
16:48all of these are elements
16:50that did not happen,
16:54TRUE?
16:54I mean,
16:55Joaquín and Ana
16:56They took him to the temple
16:58well to the Virgin Mary
17:00so that he could live there
17:02lifetime.
17:03In the temple
17:04There were no women,
17:05It's for men.
17:06The woman had no
17:07space
17:08within Jewish culture.
17:12So,
17:12If you read it,
17:13Well, let's see there
17:15Well, many things.
17:17For example,
17:18Where do we have
17:18the image
17:19from Joseph
17:20like an old man?
17:21well from there
17:22We took it out.
17:24It's been taken
17:25of this vision
17:26which is not
17:27the one that corresponds
17:28to Saint Joseph.
17:29Well,
17:30we leave it here
17:31our reflection.
17:32We continue
17:33in our next video.
17:34Thank you!
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