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00:00What's up? How are you? Well, here I am in this new video to present this final part to you.
00:14From this brief introduction we are making to the introduction of the New Testament, we will see
00:19how it all came together, how the books developed, and how we were finally seeing it...
00:25This led to the creation of what we call canonicity, the canon we have today of the 27 books that make up
00:32The New Testament. We were talking about the books that were considered apocryphal, we mentioned
00:40Especially Santiago's, who has a lot of ideas; there are a few that I call ideas.
00:46pilgrims, but well, along with all these collections that there were, as I said, many of them
00:52The church gradually realized that there were other books that were not accepted within the
01:00Holy Scripture, but they were considered orthodox, that is, they had the doctrine
01:07that the apostles had preached, but well, they didn't consider them to be of sufficient volume or elements
01:15who at one point said, well, we won't include them in the canon, but we still have them and they are
01:21very useful because they present us above all the customs and life of the first
01:27community, what they did, what they believed in, that's where the first creed comes from, which we call the
01:33the Apostles' Creed, which is not in any of the canonical books we have, but is in
01:38This book of the apostles, the doctrine is called the doctrine of the 12 apostles, there is also another
01:46A really good book, if you can get your hands on it, read it, it's called The Shepherd of Hermas.
01:52We mentioned Bernabé's letter, which was inside at one point, also excellent; there are the letters of
01:59San Clemente, which at one time also formed part of the corpus of all this, of all this
02:06a large number of documents that provided a lot of information about both the first community and all this about San
02:14Clement, therefore, the ritual practices of many things of the early church, the letters of Saint
02:20Justin, especially on the subject of perseverance, his relationship with the bishops, not to mention the
02:26Ogneto's letter, which is a very important testimony of what the first community thought, did, and believed.
02:33There is the apocalypse of Peter among others; I haven't had the opportunity to read the latter, but
02:40It is also considered an orthodox book that can be read by us and contains elements
02:45which may be useful for our study. Many of them were in these collections that
02:53They were useful and went everywhere, they contained sound doctrine, but he finally considered that they did not
03:00They would be part of the canon, but that doesn't make it so bad; we can read them. I've read the one about Barnabas, the shepherd.
03:06From Ermas, well, I've read some of these and they really are, for example, the shepherd of Ermas is
03:13A very edifying book for me; I mean, I also found the letter to Barnabas excellent, very good indeed.
03:20books, but well, they are not part of the Holy Scriptures, but they are Orthodox books that we can
03:27Read. All these documents show us the great diversity of thought that existed, especially
03:35in the early Christian communities, and therefore, as you will see, it was obviously not easy.
03:42define which of these documents, above all the great ones, shepherd of Ermas, the
03:47The letter to Barnabas, which should have been part of the canon, has been preserved but not as part of the canon.
03:59They didn't make it, as we'd say in some sports today, they didn't pass the cut, right?
04:05So, well, they stayed at that level, simply videos, writings that are useful but not...
04:15They are part of what we must firmly believe and observe in order to have a reference point
04:22truly and completely Christian. All this makes us realize how complex and
04:31Why is it important that we're studying all this right now? Because without it, we're going to have
04:40There were always many problems, so some of the criteria that were taken into account were, for example, the
04:47antiquity, apostolicity, that is, that they were truly written in apostolic times,
04:54the universality that they were widespread throughout the church of the time and especially within orthodoxy,
05:01that were within what the church understood as tradition, which was what Jesus
05:07He had taught. And well, we put all this together with the testimony of tradition.
05:17In this canonization process, the first books placed were the gospels.
05:25The first books collected were the gospels, which were already considered a work
05:32Complete. In fact, they were called the tetramorph. There were four books, all about Jesus, but each
05:45One had different elements but was a single text, which is why it was called the tetramorph. There was a
05:52The gospel only had different forms and thus became known in the early communities.
05:59We can say that it was the first collection that began to be generated throughout all the
06:04communities. The four gospels contain some testimonies that support what we are saying.
06:14Among them we have, for example, Saint Irenaeus. This saint, who lived in the second century, already spoke of the
06:21four books demonstrating that the books were already fixed in an unalterable way in the church.
06:29Catholic in the last quarter of the second century in the year 175 and following as the authoritative books
06:38And canonical texts have authority; that's how things have to be, and they are canonical, so everyone must observe them.
06:44which had to be obeyed and respected as the word of God. On this subject, evidence could be multiplied.
06:53that the canonical gospels were already universally recognized in the church. We have another canon
07:01which is also going to be very important, called the Muratorian canon or the canon of Muratori, which is another
07:12testimony that can corroborate Irenaeus's magisterial statement because it is one of the collections
07:19The oldest ones we have are known as the Muratorian Canon, which is the first complete canon, or perhaps one
07:28from the first canons where the four gospels already appear as we have them in the canon
07:36Muratori, if I'm not mistaken, is in the New York museum, I think, but I'm not certain. Saint Hippolytus and others
07:47They too bear witness to this; they present the Roman tradition along with Tertullian's tradition of
07:55Africa, Saint Clement, Alexandrian tradition, and this shows us the universality of these books
08:00Each of these authors mentions passages from the four gospels in their writings.
08:10in such a way that, as our Lord says in the Gospel of [name], and in the Gospel of [name], so that
08:16We are certain that the first elements that came together were the four gospels
08:22It is currently said that if we were to take what are called the patristic books from these that
08:32Today, we are speaking solely with the citations of the Holy Fathers; could it be completely reconstructed?
08:41The four gospels are cited there in all the holy fathers in all their writings finally
08:48We must say that the documents we currently have arrive to us as a copying process
08:54handwritten, which was done over centuries, since, as we know, the printing press was not developed until the
09:0216th century, right? Before what you're showing, everything was done by hand, yes, I mean there were copyists.
09:09We owe it mainly to the monks who retired and, well, in silence they would copy the page.
09:18After the page, we owe it to them that the writings of the monks in the monasteries have been preserved.
09:24In order to have at least one copy of the New Testament for their study, they did the work
09:30of transcribing them one by one, text by text, just as some rich people paid to have
09:38Some bishops also had their own copies made so that the word would be made known.
09:44This copying process, as is easy to understand, provides the opportunity for things to happen.
09:52Small or even large mistakes, however, all these mistakes are part of the action of the Holy Spirit.
10:02Therefore, it is very difficult to know exactly what was a mistake and what was not a mistake.
10:10There are many copies in the world where we will find small differences, however within
10:18From the study of the Bible, one of the best resources we have is the Jerusalem Bible, which...
10:27It mentions these existing documents, that is, it says this differs from this canon and from this other one of these documents
10:33etcetera and tells us about all the documents that exist and from where the Jerusalem Bible was taken
10:40some of the elements that are unique to it, not to illustrate this copying process and understand how
10:48This is also part of God's plan, and the books are the way we have them, right? Not of God.
10:56Another way, because God wanted it that way, one of the most frequently used examples is the example of Matthew.
11:0527 56
11:07Among whom he says were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of the
11:18sons of Zebedee, and in Mark 15:40 it says there were also some women watching from a distance, among whom
11:29There were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the Less and of Joseph, and Salome. We noticed some changes.
11:39errors, for example, one says José and the other says José, a t was added, a t is missing
11:50or are they two different people?
11:54What is the truth?
11:59Neither of them changes; that's how they are, meaning we don't know if it's two people or just one person.
12:09but with a typo
12:11then the two are different
12:14So we keep Matthew's and we keep Mark's
12:19We can see that perhaps he received other information, or maybe it was simply a proposal in the one, one, one
12:28Something was copied incorrectly and that's how it stayed.
12:32And then copies were made and copies and copies and copies, and in the study Bibles it was clearly marked
12:40Well, it tells us that these differences exist.
12:44There are many cases like these, but we don't know if they were originally written this way or if they are a product of the
12:52Transcriptions of the copies of the hundreds of copies that were made from the third century onwards
12:57For now, we could go back to the 16th century.
13:03These are the ones that arrive at Gutenberg's printing press
13:07There is another case that is very well-known, and this one is very special.
13:13because it is chapter 8 of the Gospel of John
13:16This text is about the woman who is completely forgiven by Jesus.
13:22It completely deviates from the context of what Jesus has been saying in that gospel
13:27and it also presents a theology that is not characteristic of the apostle Saint John.
13:34It would seem more like this one belongs to Lucas.
13:36And then someone says that they are writing this text here.
13:42Some say no, because they were carrying a lot of leaves, and at that time...
13:47In other words, there was no gospel of this kind; they weren't papyrus scrolls or, as we also said, leather scrolls.
13:57The bald guy who was running misplaced the papers, he fell, all the papers fell out, and he put them back in.
14:09because he could, to make himself look good.
14:11mistake
14:13Or could it be that this text from chapter 8 of John
14:18God willed that this writing should remain
14:21So
14:23to show
14:24within the theology of Saint John
14:27also
14:28the mercy of our Lord
14:30It corresponds more to Lucas
14:32Yeah
14:33But what if God wanted to put him there?
14:35that's how it reaches us
14:38And so it is
14:40This effort by the copyists was very intense
14:43Yeah
14:44Today we have more than 5,000 copies of the New Testament in which
14:49Unfortunately, none of them are
14:52completely identical to the other one
14:545,000 copies
14:55one is missing a letter
14:57they have one letter too many
14:59They are missing a pericope
15:00They have one extra pericope
15:02It has one extra word
15:03has one less word
15:05the most complete one we have
15:08which is where generally
15:10they are based
15:11those who edit the pounds
15:13It's called the codex
15:14Sinaitic
15:16from there
15:17Modern Bibles are usually copied
15:20that's where they are taken from
15:21But many of those who go
15:23making bibles
15:25who are translating them
15:26as we already said
15:27They will refer to other documents
15:31to try to complete
15:33This Codex Sinaiticus
15:35and they're going to keep putting
15:36below in the reference notes
15:38footnote
15:39where they took them from
15:40Not everyone has it.
15:42texts such as
15:44the Jerusalem Bible
15:45and others
15:46if they usually put it
15:48to know
15:48where are they taking it from?
15:50And why these differences?
15:51This word does not exist
15:54in the so-and-so codex
15:56or it appears in the so-and-so codex
15:59And they put it there
16:00because they think that with that
16:01It becomes more important
16:03So it's very important
16:06Let's make that clear.
16:06that all these
16:07errors
16:09omissions
16:10interpretations
16:11and other elements
16:13that were removed
16:15or that were added
16:15This is what we have today
16:17And this has been the process
16:19that God has followed
16:20to develop
16:23the new testament
16:24this new testament
16:26as we already have it
16:28was ratified
16:29by the council of 30
16:31of 30
16:31in the 16th century
16:32when they started
16:34to print
16:34the Bibles
16:35all these changes
16:37and differences in copying
16:39because they have been loved
16:42or developed
16:43or validated
16:43if you like
16:44through the Holy Spirit
16:45to give us the message
16:47that we
16:48humans
16:48we couldn't
16:51not even
16:52to be able to accommodate
16:53the Holy Spirit
16:55has continued writing
16:57This document
16:58through all
16:59the agiographers
16:59that they had
17:00that translate from breva
17:02to the Greek
17:02to Latin
17:03and all copies
17:05that were made
17:05throughout the centuries
17:07of hundreds of copies
17:09that were made
17:09in the different churches
17:11Syria
17:11Alexandria
17:12Rome
17:13Palestine
17:14all this
17:15part of
17:16of a single project
17:17which is called
17:18canon
17:19of Sacred Scripture
17:21in which God
17:22has left us
17:24through the Holy Spirit
17:26what we have today
17:27as Holy Scripture
17:29the Holy Spirit
17:31not only has it inspired
17:32to the authors
17:33but has given light
17:34to the pastors
17:35so that they could choose
17:36those writings
17:37that he himself
17:38had intended
17:38so that they would be
17:39the training
17:40of the people of God
17:41these books
17:43were given
17:43through the Holy Spirit
17:44to the church
17:45and therefore
17:47only in her
17:47can be read
17:49and only
17:50she could say
17:51which are
17:52and which ones are not
17:53in what form
17:55they would have to
17:56obtain
17:57and how to be read
17:58the criteria
17:59of canonicity
18:00of orthodoxy
18:01and so they remain
18:05until today
18:05because?
18:07Because this, brothers.
18:08It is a work of God
18:09It is a work
18:11of the Holy Spirit
18:13Let's go then
18:15to read and study
18:17a sacred work
18:19Holy Scripture
18:21and we know
18:23that come from God
18:25that God has willed
18:27revealing ourselves to others
18:28Christians
18:29of the century
18:3021st Century
18:32if we look
18:34to have knowledge
18:35clear
18:36and truthful
18:37of the message
18:37the way to do it
18:39it is through
18:41of the church
18:42when we
18:43we separated
18:44we separate
18:45reading
18:46of writing
18:46of the church
18:48we run
18:49serious risks
18:51we run
18:52the danger
18:53arrest
18:53an interpretation
18:55wrong
18:56as we already said
18:57which can lead
18:58take us to have a drink
18:59decisions
18:59and actions
19:00in our life
19:01as we already mentioned
19:02of slavery
19:03and other things
19:04that they can put
19:05even at risk
19:06our salvation
19:07That's why it's so important
19:09Read it here
19:10with us
19:11or in the parishes
19:12where classes are held
19:13and where
19:14who gives it
19:15is a person
19:17that has been certified
19:18and that has been sent
19:19by his bishop
19:20and that has
19:21the capacity
19:23to teach
19:24the word
19:25of God
19:26it can't be done
19:28put no person
19:29and on the corner
19:30I say
19:30no, no, no
19:31that doesn't exist
19:32It already says so clearly.
19:35the apostle Peter
19:36and with this
19:37We're closed
19:38our class
19:39says the apostle Peter
19:41in his letter
19:42There are many
19:44that twist
19:45the scriptures
19:46for his condemnation
19:48to their ruin
19:49Let's read the scripture
19:52in communion
19:53with the church
19:54and surely
19:55we will walk
19:56towards eternal life
19:57see you
19:58in our next program
20:00until then